Terms By Readings

Front 1

original sin

Back 1

A sin that all people are supposedly born with.

Front 2

substitutional sacrifice

Back 2

A sacrifice made by someone to make ammends for a different person's actions.

Front 3

grace

Back 3

A free gift from God

Front 4

dogma

Back 4

An established opinion based on beliefs.

Front 5

transubstantiation

Back 5

"Across substances"

Front 6

consubstantiation

Back 6

"With the substance"

Front 7

purgatory

Back 7

A place where the sins of a person are cleansed "purged"

Front 8

indulgences

Back 8

Good things that one would do in order to be granted less time in purgatory

Front 9

predestination

Back 9

Whether or not a man's salvation or damnation is determined by God at the beginning of time.

Front 10

free will

Back 10

The act of choosing whether or not to be saved or damned.

Front 11

Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy

Back 11

When the popes all left Rome and went to Avignon in France

Front 12

Great Schism

Back 12

The dispute of who would be successor to Pope Gregory. It was later settled when Martin V was elected.

Front 13

Council of Constance

Back 13

a group under the Holy Roman Emporor that ended the Great Shism

Front 14

Hus and Wycliffe

Back 14

two men who challenged the sacremental system and the need of clergy for salvation

Front 15

Counciliar Movement

Back 15

Attempted to lessen the power of popes but failed after being defeated by the Popes

Front 16

nepotism

Back 16

favoritism of family members

Front 17

simony

Back 17

the sale of church offices

Front 18

pluralism

Back 18

holding several positions at the same time

Front 19

Martin Luther

Back 19

Ordained in 1507, Martin lived a monastic life in order to be closer to God

Front 20

Johann Tetzel

Back 20

Authorized by Pope Leo X to sell indulgences in Germany, the validity of his indulgences was questioned.

Front 21

95 Theses

Back 21

A document which challenged the validity of Johann's indulgences

Front 22

justification by faith

Back 22

A pamphlet written by Martin which stated that if faith is all that is needed to be saved, then sacraments are unneeded.

Front 23

priesthood of all believers

Back 23

Another pamphlet stating that corrupt clergy is no longer needed for salvation

Front 24

Diet of worms

Back 24

this condemned Martin. and after the diet of worms martin was proteted by the duke of Saxony and Frederick the wise.

Front 25

Charles V

Back 25

People saw that supporting Martin was a way to bring down emporor Charles' power.

Front 26

Leo X

Back 26

Was excommunicated after the Diet of Worms

Front 27

German Peasants' Revolt

Back 27

started by luther's break in the churches authority, Luther condemned the revolt

Front 28

Peace of Augsburg

Back 28

Rulers on Germany earned the right to choose which religion they supported.

Front 29

schism

Back 29

a formal division within, or separation from, a church or religious body over some doctrinal difference.

Front 30

opulent

Back 30

wealthy, rich, or affluent.

Front 31

simony

Back 31

the sin of buying or selling ecclesiastical offices, benefices, etc.

Front 32

nepotism

Back 32

favoritism shown on the basis of family relationship, as in business and politics.

Front 33

Ulrich Zwingli

Back 33

A priest which started the Reformation in Switzerland.

Front 34

Marburg

Back 34

Where Zwingli met Luther and agreed on fifteen propositions but disagreed about the mass.

Front 35

John Calvin

Back 35

said that all men were worthy of damnation but that God had chosen a few for salvation.

Front 36

Geneva

Back 36

Where Calvin established a Protestant theocracy

Front 37

Calvinism

Back 37

a predestination based belief which said that all men were worthy of damnation but that God had chosen a few for salvation

Front 38

Institutes of the Christian Religion

Back 38

a systematic work of Calvins beliefs and how a Calvinist Christian community should be organized.

Front 39

the elect

Back 39

the few men who are chosen by God to be saved

Front 40

Puritans

Back 40

English Calvinists who pressed for Church reform

Front 41

Huguenots

Back 41

French Calvinists who fought a war against the government until they won toleration.

Front 42

Presbyterians

Back 42

Another name for a Calvinist

Front 43

Weber Thesis

Back 43

A document which states that Calvinism influenced the development of capitalism.

Front 44

Catherine of Aragon

Back 44

wife of Henry could not bear children and therefor Henry would not have a male heir

Front 45

annulment

Back 45

The equivalent of divorce in Catholisism, it states that a marriage never existed.

Front 46

Pope Clement VII

Back 46

Was asked by Henry to be granted an annulment.

Front 47

Charles V

Back 47

Catherine's nephew who was also the Holy Roman Emporor, would not allow Clement to grant an annulment.

Front 48

Act of Supremecy

Back 48

Made Henry the Supreme Head of Church in England

Front 49

Edward VI

Back 49

succeeded Henry after Henry finally had a male child with his third wife Jane Seymour

Front 50

The Duke of Somerset

Back 50

Brother of Jane Seymour became regent for Eward VI and under their direction the church became protestant.

Front 51

Thomas Cranmer

Back 51

Led the changes in the church which adopted many principles from Martin Luther.

Front 52

Mary I

Back 52

succeeded Edward for he had no son. She was Catholic and did everything she could to change the church back to catholosism killing any protestants who didnt agree (aka "Bloody" Mary)

Front 53

Elizabeth I

Back 53

succeeded Mary because Mary had no children. She was a protestant and changed the church back to moderate Protestantism.

Front 54

politique

Back 54

one who thinks political stability and strong central government are more important that religious dogma

Front 55

King Charles I

Back 55

Fought a civil war with the puritans and was executed by them.

Front 56

Oliver Cronwell

Back 56

A Calvinist who ruled England after Charles died under the name "Lord Protector"

Front 57

Counter Reformation

Back 57

The Reform of the Catholic church in the 16th century. It happened to stop the spread of Protestantism

Front 58

Paul III

Back 58

summoned a group of cardinals to consider church reform. It was meant to resolve theological differences between Catholics and Protestants.

Front 59

Council of Trent

Back 59

Caused Protestantism to stop spreading. although it was already firmly established in other parts of Europe.