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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Bonding? |
Atoms getting together to form a molecule |
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Octet rule |
first orbital can have 2 electrons second orbital can have 8 electrons third orbital can have 8 electrons When the outermost shell is full the atom is called stable or inert |
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Covalent Bonding |
sharing of electrons in the valence shells of two atoms |
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non-polar covalent bond |
equal sharing of electrons between atoms. No net charge. Example: H2 |
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polar covalent bond |
unequal sharing of electrons. small electrical charge Example: H2O |
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Catalyst |
something that affects the rate of a reaction |
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enzyme |
A catalyst in the body. Generally proteins |
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Dehydration Synthesis |
Growth. Monomers are put together to create polymers (mono- means one; poly- means many) In this reaction, water is the product. You are 'dehydrating' the monomers |
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Hydrolysis |
Decomposition. This is generally done to create energy. Polymers are broken down into monomers in this reaction using water. |
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Exchange Reactions |
done to buffer acids and bases in the body. This is just exchange hydroxyls and hydrogen ions around |
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Acidic solutions |
release H+ (hydrogen) |
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What is the pH of water? |
7 (neutral) water is the universal buffer, meaning it will bring both acids and bases back towards neutral |
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Basic solutions |
Combine with H+ (hydrogen) |
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Salts |
positive ions other than H or negative ions other than OH |
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Electrolytes |
dissociation of compounds into ions of water acids, bases, salts |
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What is a pH of less than 7 Does it have more H+ or OH? |
Acidic More H+ than OH |
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What is a pH of greater than 7 Does it have more H+ or OH? |
Basic More OH than H+ |
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What is a buffer? |
A buffer helps prevent changes in acids and bases Water is the universal buffer |
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Alkalosis |
A condition where the pH of human blood is greater than 7.45 |
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Acidosis |
A condition where the pH of the blood is less than 7.35 |
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What is the normal range of the pH of human blood? |
7.35 - 7.45 |
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What is the most accessible solution in your body? |
Blood Every cell in the body will be exposed to blood and it impacts every aspect of life. |
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Atom |
smallest particle of an element that has the properties of an element simplest type of matter with unique chemical properties |
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What are the 6 most common elements in the human body and what percent is the total? |
CHNOPS Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorous Sulfur These make up around 96% of the human body's mass |
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Electron (e) |
extremely small particle with almost no weight. carries an electrical charge Is in constant motion around an atomic nucleus |
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Proton (p) |
relatively large atomic particle in the nucleus of an atom carries a positive electrical charge |
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Neutron (n) |
particle with about the same weight as a proton. Uncharged (neutral). Found in an atomic nucleus |
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Ion |
Particle that is electrically charged because it has gained or lost one or more electron Example Na++ is an ion of Na+ |
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Molecule |
A particle formed by the chemical union of two or more atoms |
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Atomic Number |
The number or Protons only |
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Atomic Weight |
The number of Protons and Neutrons |
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Isotope |
An atom with the same atomic number as another atom, but different atomic weights This is because there are different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus. There are no isotopes with different numbers of protons, because that would change the atomic number and thus change the element. There are MANY naturally occurring isotopes, a common example is carbon which has multiple isotopes |
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alpha ionizing radiation |
two protons and two neutrons that move slowly and cannot penetrate matter |
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Beta ionizing radiation |
electrons. Travel faster than alpha and can penetrate matter |
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Gamma ionizing radiation |
similar to x-radiation. This radiation penetrates the deepest |
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What is an Organic Molecule? |
A molecule that contains carbon and hydrogen |
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What is an Inorganic Molecule? |
A molecule that does not contain carbon and hydrogen There are some important inorganic molecules in the human body such as O2 (oxygen) and CO2 (carbon dioxide) as well as inorganic salts |
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What do inorganic salts do in the body?
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These are the electrolytes that play important roles in metabolic processes, clotting, and neuromuscular function These are what allow the body to generate electricity (think: move muscles, think, etc) Sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, magnesium |
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Name some important functions of water in the body |
Stabilizes temperature: water absorbs large amount of heat without changing form Protects and cushions structures in the body such as the brain and in serous membranes around vital organs Chemistry: ALL reacting molecules must dissolve in water to form products in the body Transport: fluid dynamics |
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What are carbohydrates and lipids important for in the body? |
ENERGY |
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Carbohydrates |
Carbons, Hydrogens, Oxygens most have 2H and 1O per C Carb- means Carbon -Hydrate means water C and H2O, get it? |
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Monosaccharides |
Mono- means one Glucose, Galactose, Fructose |
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Disaccharides |
Monosaccharides put together. Di- meaning two Sucrose (made of glucose and fructose) Lactose (made of glucose and galactose) Maltose (made of glucose and glucose) |
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Polysaccharides |
Sugars made of more than two Monosaccharides. Poly- means many |
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Lipids |
Composed of C, H, and O. (Sometimes P and N) Less Oxygen and more Hydrogen than Carbs Less Oxygen means less electronegativity, so Lipids are HYDROPHOBIC because there are more non polar covalent bonds |
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Triglycerides |
three fatty acids on a glycerol fats, oils, phospholipids, waxes, and cholesterol all of the above (except phospholipids) are non polar |
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Fatty acids |
differ in the number of carbons and the type of bonds between the carbons (14-18 is common) and saturation of the Carbon bonds |
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Saturated fats |
Have hydrogens surround all of the carbons. Can become cholesterol in excess Coconut oil and palm oil are the only saturated fates that are liquid at room temperature |
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Unsaturated fats |
Do not have hydrogens surrounding every carbon, so there is a double bond in the chain that causes a slight kink |
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Phospholipids |
Similar to Triglycerides, but one fatty acid is replaced by phosphorylated compounds. This creates a polar end and a non polar end of the molecule. So, there is a hydrophobic end and a hydrophilic end. This is a major component of ALL cell membranes (the phospholipid bilayer) |
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Steroids |
Composed of C, H, O, N, and S Functions: structure, protection, enzymes, transport, etc Made from amino acids in long chains |
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Protein Structure |
1. Primary structure 2. Secondary structure 3. Tertiary structure 4. Quaternary structure Proteins have unique structures and FORM is FUNCTION. |
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Amino Acids |
there are twenty total, eight are essential, meaning they cannot be made in the body and must be obtained in our diet. |
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Primary Structure |
peptide bonds. Sequence of amino acids from100 to over 5000 long. Looks like a long chain |
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Secondary structure |
Hydrogen bonds. N and O start bonding with H. Looks like pleated sheets or coiled structures |
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Tertiary structure |
Hydrogen and Covalent bonds Looks like a three dimensional scramble of coils and pleated sheets |
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Quaternary structure |
Not all proteins do this (just the really large ones) This is many Tertiary Structure placed together |
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denaturation |
the breaking down of the bonds that hold a protein together. This ruins the protein and prevents it from functioning the way it is supposed to |
