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124 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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abacus
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A slab of stone at the top of a classical capital just beneath the architrave
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aedicule, aeducula (EE-di-kyool, ee-DIK-yuh-luh)
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A niche for a statue
aedicula is the diminutive of the Latin aedis or aedes, a temple or house; thus, an aedicula is literally a small house or temple. Many aediculae were household shrines that held small altars or statues of the Lares and Penates. The Lares were Roman deities protecting the house and the family household gods. The Penates were originally patron gods (really genii) of the storeroom, later becoming household gods guarding the entire house. Other aediculae were small shrines within larger temples, usually set on a base, surmounted by a pediment and surrounded by columns. In Roman architecture the aedicula has this representative function in the society. They are installed in public buildings like the Triumphal arch, City gate, or Thermes. The Celsus Library in Ephesus (2. c. AD) is a good example. From the 4th century Christianization of the Roman Empire onwards such shrines, or the framework enclosing them, are often called by the Biblical term tabernacle, which becomes extended to any elaborated framework for a niche, window or picture. Tabernacle: Hebrew for "residence" or "dwelling place" according to the Hebrew Torah/Old Testament, was the portable dwelling place for the divine presence from the time of the Exodus from Egypt through the conquering of the land of Canaan. Built to specifications revealed by God (Yahweh) to Moses at Mount Sinai, it accompanied the Israelites on their wanderings in the wilderness and their conquest of the Promised Land, and was eventually placed in the First Temple in Jerusalem, which superseded it as the dwelling-place of God among the Israelites. It is not mentioned after the destruction of Jerusalem by the Babylonians. The fullest description of the Tabernacle describes an inner shrine named Kodesh Hakodashim (Holy of Holies) housing the Ark and an outer chamber (Holy Place), with a golden lampstand, table for showbread, and altar of incense |
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aesthetic
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1. adj. concerned with beauty or the appreciation for beauty 2. n. a set of principles underlying and guiding the work of a particular artist or artistic movement
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all'antica
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In Greek or Roman classical style
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ambulatory* (x3)
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1. a covered walkway 2. a vaulted passageway or aisle that leads around the apse of a church (St. Denis, Paris) 2. the covered walk around the open court of a cloister
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AMphora
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A large Greek storage vase with two handles and a narrow neck
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annular
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ring-shaped
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apse*
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A semicircular or polygonal (puh-LIG-uh-nl) recess at the end of the major axis of a Roman basilica or Christian church (Basilica of Constantine)
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aquatint
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A printing process similar to etching
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arabesque
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An ornamental design of intertwined flowing lines, originally found in Arabic or Moorish decoration
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arcade*
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A series of arches supported by piers or columns. When attached to a wall these form a blind arcade (Florence baptistry)
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arch
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A curved structure used to span an opening
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architectonic
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Relating to architecture or resembling the spatial and structural aspects peculiar to architecture
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architrave (x2)
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1. The lowest part of an entablature, a beam running beneath the frieze and cornice, resting directly on the capital of a column. 2. The frame over a door or window
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atrium* (x2)
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1. An open-roofed entrance hall or central court in an ancient Roman house (House of the Silver Wedding, Pompeii) 2. An open court in front of a church (S. Ambrogio, Milan)
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attached column
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A column that is attached to a background wall and is therefore not completely cylindrical; also referred to as an engaged column
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Augustan
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Relating to the reign of the Roman Emperor Augustus from 27 b.c. to 14 a.d.
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baldacchino
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A canopy placed over an honorific or sacred space such as a throne or altar
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balustrade* (x2)
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1. A railing supported by short pillars called balusters (Michelangelo's staircase) 2. Also applied to any low parapet
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banderole
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A narrow handheld scroll, usually flowing free as if blown by the wind, and normally carrying an inscription
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baptistry
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A building in which the sacrament of baptism is administered
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baroque
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A highly ornate and complex style of European architecture, art, and music prevalent in the 17th and 18th centuries
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barrel vault
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A ceiling in the form of a semicircular vault
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basilica
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In ancient Roman architecture, a large rectangular public building with an open interior space, usually with side isles separated from the main space by rows of columns. The structure was later adopted as a building type for Early Christian churches
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basket capital
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A capital decorated with a latticework pattern resembling basketweave
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battlement
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A parapet consisting of alternating solid parts and open spaces
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beauty
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1. A combination of qualities, such as shape, color, or form, that pleases the aesthetic senses, especially the sight 2. A combination of qualities that pleases the intellect or moral sense
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bole
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A red claylike pigment used as a ground for gold leaf
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burin
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A tool with a sharp, triangular-shaped metal point used for cutting lines to be printed from metal or wood blocks
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Calvary
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The hillside outside Jerusalem where Jesus was crucified. From the latin word for skull
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cantilever
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A horizontal beam projecting from a building, fixed at one end only, to support a balcony or cornice
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cantilevered
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Supported by cantilevers
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cantoria
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The Italian word for a balcony for singers and musicians
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capital
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The uppermost member of a column or pillar supporting the architrave
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cartoon
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A full-scale preparatory drawing on paper which is used to transfer the outline of a design onto the surface to be painted; from the Italian "cartone" meaning heavy paper
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cassone
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The Italian word for "large chest", referring to carved or painted chests used to hold clothing, often given as gifts to a prospective bride for her dowry by her future husband
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central-plan church
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1. A church having four arms of equal length 2. A church having a circular or polygonal (puh-LIG-uh-nl) plan
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chancel (choir)
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In church architecture, a square or rectangular area between the apse and the nave or transept. It is reserved for the clergy and often separated from the main body of the church by a (rood) screen, rail, or steps
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chapel
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A private or subordinate place of worship, often part of a church but separately dedicated
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chiaroscuro
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Italian word for "light and dark." In painting, a method of modeling formed by the use of light and shade
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ciborium (x2)
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1. A baldacchino 2. A small architectural wall enclosure
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cire-perdu process
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The lost- wax process of casting. A method in which an original is modeled in wax then covered with clay. When the wax is melted out, the resulting mold is filled with molten metal
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clerestory (KLEER-stawr-ee)
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The upper part of the nave, choir and transepts of a large church, clear of the roofs of the aisles, which admits light to the central parts of the building
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colonnade
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A series of regularly spaced columns supporting a lintel or entablature. In classical architechture it is called a peristyle
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colossal order
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Columns, piers or pilasters which extend through two or more stories
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compound pier
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An upright architectural support with columns or pilasters attached to it
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contrapposto*
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Italian word for "set against." A method derived from the Greeks to represent freedom of movement in a figure by placing parts of the body asymetrically in opposition to each other around a central axis. Most of the weight is placed on one leg with an S-curve in the torso. Normally movement of engaged and relaxed parts alternates left to right through the figure. (Doryphoros, spear bearer)
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corbel
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A projection jutting out from a wall to support a structure above it. Also called a console.
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cornice (x2)
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The projecting, framing element of a classical pediment, including the horizontal one below (geison) and the two sloping, or raking ones above. 2. The crowning ornamental molding along the top of a wall or arch
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crossing
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The area in a church where the transept crosses the nave
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diptych (DIP-tik)
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A pair of painted or carved panels, usually hinged together
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echinus (i-KAHY-nuhs)
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In the Doric or Tuscan order, the round, cushionlike element between the top of the shaft and the abacus
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entablature*
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The upper part of a classical architectural order above the columns and capitals and comprising the architrave, frieze, and cornice (Temple of Poseidon, Paestum)
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entasis (EN-tuh-sis)
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A slight convex curve in the shaft of a column, introduced to correct the visual illusion of concavity produced by a straight shaft
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escutcheon (i-SKUHCH-uhn)
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An emblem bearing a coat of arms
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facade
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The principal face or the front of a building
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festoon
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Ornamental feature in the form of a garland or swag
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fluting
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The ornamental grooves channeled vertically into the shaft of a column or pilaster
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foreshortening
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A method of reducing or distorting the parts of a represented object which are not parallel to the picture plane in order to convey the impresson of three dimensions
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fresco (x2)
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The Italian word for "fresh." 1. True fresco is the technique of painting on moist plaster with pigments ground in water so that the paint is absorbed by the plaster and becomes part of the wall itself. 2. Fresco secco is the technique of painting with the same colors on dry plaster
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frieze (x2)
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1. A continuing band of painted or sculpted decoration 2. In a classical building, the part of the entablature between the architrave and the cornice. A Doric frieze consists of alternating triglyphs and metopes, the latter often sculptured. An Ionic frieze usually has a continuing band of relief sculpture
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gable
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The triangular area framed by the cornice or eaves of a building and the sloping sides of a pitched roof. In classical architecture it is called a pediment
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gallery
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A second story placed over the side aisles of a church and below the clerestory
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genre
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French for "kind" or "sort." A work of art showing a scene from everyday life represented for its own sake
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gothic
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A style of architecture prevalent in western Europe in the 12th-15th centuries, characterized by pointed arches, elaborate tracery, tall, narrow stained glass windows, and flying buttresses
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hatching
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A series of parallel lines used as shading in prints and drawings
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icon
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From the Greek word meaning "image"
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illusionistic
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A kind of art in which space and objects are intended to appear real by the use of artistic devices such as perspective and foreshortening
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impasto
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Oil paint thickly applied
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incrustation
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In architecture, decoration in which a wall is divided into bright, polychrome panels of solid colors (Facade of Baptistry and S. Miniato)
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insula (x2)
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The Latin word for "Island." 1 An ancient Roman city block. 2. A Roman "apartment house" with a central court and up to five stories.
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international style
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A style of 14th-15th- century painting begun by Simone Martini, who adapted the French Gothic manner to Sienese art. This style appealed to the aristocracy because of its brilliant color, lavish costume, intricate ornament and themes involving splendid processions of knights and ladies.
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kore (KOHR-ey)
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The Greek word for "maiden". An Archiac Greek statue of a standing, clothed female
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kouros
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The Greek word for "male youth." An Archaic Greek statue of a standing, nude youth
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krater
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A Greek vessel, of assorted shapes, in which wine and water are mixed
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kylix (KIL-iks)
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In Greek or Roman antiquity, a shallow drinking cup with two horizontal handles, often set on a stem terminiating in a foot
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lintel
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A beam used to span an opening
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lunette
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A semicircular or pointed wall area, as under a vault or above a door or window
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mannerism
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A style of 16th-century Italian art characterized by an artificiality in opposition to the naturalism of renaissance art, including distortions in scale and perspective and confused compositions
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miniate
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To illuminate a manuscript
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modeling
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In painting and drawing, producing a three-dimensional effect by the use of light and shade, changes in color, etc.
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moulding
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In architecture, a narrow, ornamental band projecting from the surface of a structure which gives variety to the surface by means of patterned contrasts of light and shade
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muses
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In Greek mythology, the nine godesses who preside over various arts and sciences
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narthex
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The transverse entrance hall of a church
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nave
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The central aisle of a Roman basilica or Christian church, as distinguished from the side aisles
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odalisque
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The Turkish word for "harem slave girl" or "concubine"
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parapet
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A low protective wall
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pediment (x3)
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1. In classical architecture, a low gable, typically triangular, framed by a horizontal cornice below and two raking cornices above, frequently filled with relief sculpture. 2. A similar architectural member, either round or triangular, used over a door, window, or niche. 3.When pieces of the cornice are either turned at an angle or broken, it is called a broken pediment
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pendentive
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One of the spherical triangles which makes the transition from a square or polygonal (puh-LIG-uh-nl) opening to the round base of a dome or the supporting drum
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peristyle
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1. In a Roman house or domus, an open garden court surrounded by a colonnade 2. A colonnade around a building or court
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perspective
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A technique for representing spatial relationships and three-dimentional object on a flat surface so as to produce an effect similar to that perceived by the human eye. In atmospheric or aerial perspective, this is accomplished by a gradual decrease in the intensity of color and in the contrast between light and dark, so that everything in the far distance tends toward a light bluish tone. In one-point linear perspective, developed in Italy in the 15th century, a mathematical system is used based on orthagonals, lines receding at right angles from the picture plane that converge on a single vanishing point on the horizon. Associated objects are rendered smaller the farther from the viewer they are intended to seem. Since one-point linear perspective presupposes an absolutly stationary viewer, it is seldom applied with complete consistancy
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perspective 1. A technique for...
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A technique for representing spatial relationships and three-dimenensional objects on a flat surface so as to produce an effect similar to that perceived by the human eye
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perspective 2. In Atmospheric or aerial perspective...
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In atmospheric or aerial perspective, this is accomplished by a gradual decrease in the intensity of color and in the contrast of light and dark so that everything in the far distance tends toward a light bluish tone
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perspective 3. In one-point linear perspecive...
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In one-point linear perspective, developed in Italy in the 15th century, a mathematical system is used based on orthagonals, lines receding diagonally from the picture plane that converge on a single vanishing point on the horizon. Associated objects are rendered smaller the farther from the viewer they are intended to seem
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perspective 4. Since one-point linear perspective presupposes...
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Since one-point linear perspective presupposes an absolutely stationary viewer, it is seldom applied with complete consistancy
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pier
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An upright architectural support, usually rectagular and sometimes with a capitol and base
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pieta'
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A representation of the Virgin grieving over the dead Christ. When used in a scene recording a specific moment after the Crucifixion, it is usually called a lamentation
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pietra forte
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Honey-colored sandstone
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pietra serena
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Gray sandstone
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plan
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The horizontal arrangement of the parts of a building. In an axial plan, the parts of a building are organized longitudinally, or along a given axis; in a central plan, the parts radiate from a central point
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polygonal
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(puh-LIG-uh-nl) A plane figure having five or more straight sides
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polyptych (POL-ip-tik)
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An alterpiece or devotional work of art made of several panels joined together, often hinged
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polyptych (POL-ip-tik)
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An alterpiece or devotional work of art made of several panels joined together, often hinged
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portico
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A columned porch supporting a roof and entablature which provides a covered entrance to a building and a link with the space surrounding it
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predella (pri-DEL-uh)
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The base of an altarpiece, often decorated with small scenes related in subject to that of the main panel
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realism
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The representation of things according to their appearance in visible nature (without idealization)
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refectory
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A dining hall
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renaissance
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A 14th -16th century movement in art and literature inspired by classical models
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rococo
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An elaborately ornamental late baroque style of decoration prevalent in 18th-century Continental Europe
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romanesque
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The first European style of architecture prevalent between 900-1200, characterized by round arches and massive vaulting, salvaged antique columns and Corinthian capitals, thick walls with small windows, and sculptural designs recalling the intricacies and immagination of manuscript illumination
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romanticism
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A movement in art and literature which began in the late 18th century and emphasized inspiration and subjectivity
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rustication
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Heavy, rough-surfaced stone blocks separated by deep joins, which are primarily seen on Renaissance buildings
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scroll bracket
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A bracket in the form of a scroll
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sfumato
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A smokelike haziness that subtly softens the outlines in painting, creating very delicate gradations of light and shade in the modeling of figures. The term sfumato is particularly applied to the paintings of Leonardo and Correggio
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soffit
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The underside of an arch
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stereobate
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The substructure of a classical building, especially a greek temple
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storiated
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Decorated with legendary or historical subjects
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stringcourse
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A horizontal molding, or band in masonry, ornamental but usually reflecting interior structure
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stylobate
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A platform above the stereobate forming the foundation for the columns of a Greek temple
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superimposed orders
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Orders of architecture that are placed one above another in an arcaded or colonnaded building, usually in the sequence Doric - Ionic - Corithian
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triforium (trahy-FAWR-ee-uhm)
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A gallery or arcade above the colonnade at the sides of the nave
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vault
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An arched roof or ceiling
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volute
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A spiraling architectural element found notably on Ionic and composite capitals, also used decoratively on facades (Santa Maria Novella)
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watershed
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An event or period marking a turning point in a state of affairs
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