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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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___ is the study of environentally-induced birth defects |
teratology |
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What are 4 manifestations of a teratogen? |
death growth retardation malformation cognitive impairment |
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What are the four categories of teratogens? |
Infectious agents like herpes Physical agents like car accident Chemical agents like drugs Maternal metabolic or genetic factors like diabetes |
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increased occurrence, supportive animal model, a ___ relationship and biological plausibility are all characteristics of a teratogen |
dose response |
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Not all exposed pregnancies will have harmful effects due to dosage differences, timing, amount and route of administration, ____ and _____ |
environmental factors and host susceptibility (differences in metabolism) |
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Exposure after organ is formed will/will not cause a structural defect. Could have ___ |
will NOT growth retardation or cognitive impairment instead |
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___combined effect the same as sum of individual effects |
additive |
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___ is the combined agents counteract each other and have less efect |
antagonism |
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___ combined effect is significantly greater than individual effects |
synergism |
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_____ is an online database of teratogens which tell the effect on pregnancy, reproduction and things like breast milk |
reprotox |
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____ is a sedative used in the 50-60s which was also used to treat pregnancy related nausea. It lead to ___ defects and _____ |
thalidomide severe limb defects phocomelia |
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___ is a medication gave to pregnant women to prevent complications/loss from 1938-1971. 5-10 million pregnancies were exposed and the results were _______ |
DES increased anomalies in the reproductive tract increased rate of vaginal cancer increased infertility |
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______ (Dilantin, Phenytoin) cause dysmorphic faces, microcephaly, hirsutism, broad and short nose, hypertelorism, long tapering digits, hypo plastic nails and heart murmurs as well as developmental delay |
hydantoin |
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____ medications are considered to be teratogenic and are folic acid antagonists therefore they recommend folic acid and also fit K treatment. This medication causes ___ in the fetus |
anticonvulsant medications FACs-->dysmorphology, developmental delay, ONTDs, genitourinary anomalies, limb and heart defects |
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anticonvulsant medications outweigh the risks because seizures are worse for the fetus and seizure activity can ___ during pregnancy |
increase |
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____ has a risk of microcephaly, spina bifida, cardiac defects, facial clefts, hypospadias, limb defects, dysmorphic face and developmental delay |
valproate (depakote) which is a mood stabilizer |
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____ are overall not a strong teratogenic component and are considered safe. Pose a mild risk to CNS, motor, respiratory or GI. Sometimes associated with neonatal hypertension and withdrawal. |
psychiatric medications |
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MAOIs are the antidepressant that pose the most risks because ____ |
decrease uterine blood flow and limited experimental data |
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____ is a mood stabilizer that leads to increase risk of heart defects including Ebstein's anomaly |
lithium |
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___ is a mood stabilizer that causes ONTDs, craniofacial abnormalities and developmental delay |
tegretol |
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___ produces a spectrum of effects. Some children will only have behavioral effects while others will have FAS which requires daily consumption although there is no safe level of consumption |
alcohol |
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FAS has 3 categories of findings |
1. prenatal and postnatal growth restriction 2. narrow palpebral fissures, long smooth philtrum with thin upper lip 3. CNS abnormalities like microcephaly, mental retardation and behavioral abnormalities |
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Later exposure in pregnancy is when ___ and ___ occur |
growth retardation and cognitive impairment |
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___ readily crosses placenta and concentrates in amniotic fluid and can be associated with placental abruption, preterm delivery, vascular malformations, microcephaly and learning disorders, seizures |
cocaine |
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___ is associated with an increase risk in miscarriage, reduced fetal growth and abnormal placentation |
cigarettes |
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an increase risk in congenital malformations has been identified in some but not all studies on ___ |
cigarettes |
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____ is an infection that can be transmitted to the fetus and cause problems with the ___ and ___ as well as growth retardation, hearing loss and heart defects |
CMV CNS and eyes |
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______ abnormalities vary depending on time of exposure but range from abortion, growth retardation, microcephaly, cataracts, deafness, congenital heart defects and all organs can be affected |
congenital rubella |
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radiation is cumulative and can cause _____ |
growth retardation minor anomalies of eyes microcephaly, mental retardation seizures |
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____ leads to increased ONTDs, heart defects, skeletal defects and macrosomia. The better controlled the lower the risk |
diabetes mellitus |
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There does not appear to be increased risk with __, ___ and ___ |
marijuana caffeine oral contraceptives |
