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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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2 types of expression markings
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tempo marking and dynamic marking
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tempo marking
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speed or pace at which the music should move
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dynamic marking
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different degrees of volume, or loudness
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Who were the first to write performance directions into their music using expression markings?
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Italian composers
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lento (t)
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slow
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largo (t)
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broad, slow
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Adagio (t)
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slow, leisurely
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Andante (t)
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at an easy walking pace
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Moderato (t)
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moderate
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Allegretto (t)
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fairly fast but not as fast as Allegro
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Allegro (t)
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fast
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Vivace (t)
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lively, brisk
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Presto (t)
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very fast
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Prestissimo
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extremely fast
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change of tempo
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used by a composer to create an expressive effect in the music
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accelerando (accel.)
c.o.t. |
getting faster
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rallentando (rall.)
c.o.t. |
gradually slowing down
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ritardando (rit.)
c.o.t. |
gradually slowing down
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ritenuto (riten.)
c.o.t. |
immediately slowing down
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meno mosso
c.o.t. |
less moved, less quickly
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piú mosso
c.o.t. |
more moved, quicker
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a tempo or tempo primo
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return to the original speed
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why are abbreviations and signs commonly used for expression markings instead of the full Italian words?
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for convenience and for cheaper cost in music printing
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piano - p (d)
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soft, quiet
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pianissimo - pp (d)
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very soft
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mezzo piano - mp
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moderately soft
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mezzo forte - mf (d)
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moderately loud
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forte - f (d)
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loud
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fortissimo - ff (d)
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very loud
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crescendo (cresc.)
d |
getting louder
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diminuendo (dimin. or dim.)
(d) |
getting softer
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decrescendo (decresc.)
(d) |
getting softer
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hairpins
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signs used to mean crescendo and diminuendo
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ppp
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extremely soft
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ffff
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as loud as possible
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Can a composer increase the number of 'p's or 'f's?
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Yes
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meno e.g.,meno forte
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less e.g., less loud
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piú e.g., piú piano
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more e.g., more softly
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poco a poco e.g., poco a poco dim.
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little by little e.g., getting softer little by little
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subito e.g., subito pp
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suddenly e.g., suddenly very soft
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sempre e.g. sempre cresc.
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always e.g. still getting louder
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molto e.g. molto piú mosso
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much, very e.g., much quicker
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articulation of notes
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expression markings to indicate how notes are to be attacked, sustained or released; whether they are smoothly joined together, or disconnected from each other
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a curved line or ''slur'' above or below notes of different pitch
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join these notes smoothly together
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legato
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Italian term for "join these notes together''
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dots above or below notes
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make these notes short and disconnected
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staccato
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Italian term for ''make these notes short and disconnected''
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wedges above or below notes
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''make these notes very short and disconnected''
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staccatissimo
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Italian term for ''make these notes very short and disconnected"
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forte-piano - fp
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''attack the note loudly, then immediately reduce the volume to short
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sforzando - sfz / sf - forcing
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note is to be strongly accented, attacked with emphasis
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arrowhead accents above or below notes (same as sfz)
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attack with strong accent or emphasis
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tenuto - held
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a warning to the performer to hold the note on for its full value and possibly for a little longer still
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a pause sign above a note or a rest
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the note should be held on for longer than its normal value
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sforzando-piano sfp
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''attack the note with emphasis, then immediately reduce the volume to soft''
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