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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
______________ refers to a person's basic disposition, which influences how he or she responds to situations. It is a characteristic that seems to be affected by heredity and is, apparent at birth and predictive of later personality and adjustment.
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Temperament
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With regards to temperament most babies can be categorized as being either ________, _________, or ___________
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easy
difficlut slow-to-warm up |
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_________ children are even-tempered, have a regular sleeping and eating patterns, aapt easily to new situations and people, and have a reponderance of positive moods.
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easy
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_________ children are irritable, withdraw from new situations and people, and have unpredicitable havits and preponderance of negative moods.
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difficult
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_________________ chilren are inactive and somewhat negative in mood and take time to adjust to new stimuli.
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slow-to-warm-up
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__________________ preditcts that it is the degree of match between parent's behaviors and their child's temperament that contributes to the child's outcomes.
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goodness of fit model
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Erikson's theroy of psychosocial development differs from Freud in that it emphasizes the role of __________ factors. Erikson also puts more emphanis on the ________ rather then the id.
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social
ego |
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Erikson
In infacy there is a struggle between ________ and __________, which is a positive relationship with on's primary caretaker during infacy results in a sense of trust and optimism |
basic trust
basic mistrust |
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Erikson
A toddler struggles between _______ and _______________. |
autonomy
shame and doubt |
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Erikson
early childhood ____vs_______ school age ______vs________ adlolescence ______vs________ young adulthood ______Vs______ middle adulhood ______vs______ maturation/oldage ____Vs____ |
Initiative vs. Guilt
INdustry vs. Inferiority Identity vs. Role confusion Intimacy vs. Isolation Generativity vs. Stagnation Ego integrity vs. Despair |
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Levinson divides the lifespan in ___ stages and it is called _________________________ and says that transitions from one period to the next are particulary ___________.
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4
seasons of a man's life stressful |
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Levinson
The________________ transition entalils leaving the world of childhood and forming the initial foundation ofr life in the adult world. Tasks include being indipendnt from parents and getting involved in college. The transition leads to the formation of _______________ - the image of an ideal life that guides one's decisions and choices. |
early adult
The Dream |
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Livinson
The __________ is brought on by the realization that the life structure built during one's 20's is not adequate. |
age 30 transition
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The __________ is a time of singificant stress and reorganization. An important change is a deflation of the dream as one realizeds that on'es goals are not really satisfying and or will not be fully accomplished.
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Mid-Life Transition
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Parenting Style
__________________ parents exhibit a high degree of demandingness and low responsivity, they impose absolute standards of conduct, stress obedience, and use power assertive tech, there offspring are often irritable, aggressive, and dependent and have a limited sense of responsiblity and low levels of self-esteem and academic achievement. |
Authoritarian
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_____________ parents combine rational control with responsivity and officpring of these parents tend to ba assertive, self confident, socially responsible.
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Authoritative
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__________ parents are warm and caring but make few demands and are nonpunitive. Children tend to be impulsive, self-centered, easilty frustrated, and low in achievement and indepndence
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Permissive
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____________ parents exhibit low levels of responsivityt and demandingness, and they may be overty hostile towards their children. Offsprings of these parents have low selfesteem and are often impulsive, oody, and agressive.
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REjecting-neglecting
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Identity
________________________ says the develoment of gender-role identity depends on successful resolutio of the psychosexual crisis of teh phallic stage of develoment, which results in identification with the same-sex parent. |
psychodynamic theory
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Identity
___________ pridicts tha children first acquire gender-typed behaviors through rwards and phunishments, modeling and imitation. |
social learning theory
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Identity
_____________, Kohlber said the acquisition of gender-role idenity involves a sequnce of stages that parallels cognitive development. and looked at gender idenity, gender stability, and gender constancy |
Cognitive Development Theory
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______________, Bem attributes the acquisition of a gender-role idenityt to a combination of social learning and cogntive develoment.
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Gender Schema Theory
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Erikson introduced the term ___________ crisis considered the primary development taks of adolescence to be the achievement of a coherent identity
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identity crisis
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Marcia who distinguishes between four _______________ that reflect the degree to which the individual has experienced an idenityt crisis and is committted to an identity.
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Identity Statuses
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Marcia
________________: Adlolescents exhibiting diffusion have not yet experienced an identity crisis or explored alternatives and ar not comited to an idenity |
Identity Diffusion
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Marcia
___________________: Adloescents are manifesting foreclosure when they hae not experienced a crisis but have adopted an identiy thta has been imposed by others (job). |
Identity Foreclosure
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Marcia
____________: occurs when an adlolescent experiences an identiy crisis and actively explores alternatives. teens exhibit a high degree of confusion, discontent, and rebelliousnes. |
Idneity Moratorium
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Marcia
________________: adlolsecents who have resolved the identity crisis by evaluating alternatives anc committing to an identity are "identity achieved." |
Identity Achievment
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Giligan found that about 11 or 12 years of age, girls experience a _________________ in response to increasing pressure to fit cultural stereotypes about the "perfect good woman." This causes them to disconnect from themselves and have a loss of voice when realize women opinion not valued.
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relational crisis
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Although older adults think about death more often, ___________ people seems to experience more anxiety about it.
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middle aged
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Kubler-Ross concluded that people progress through the following five stages when facing their own death or other important loss_________
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1) denial and isolation
2) anger 3) barganing 4) depression 5) acceptance |
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Of the temperament traits, behavioral ______ has been most clearly linked to genetic factors and to futre personality characteristics.
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inhibition
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