Telecommunications Exam #2

Front 1

Topology

Back 1

the way that networks are arranged, constructed and connected

Front 2

Node

Back 2

an endpoint or switching point in a group of devices that can communicate with each other

Front 3

telecommunications

Back 3

communications via electronic, electromagnetic or photonic means over a distance.

Front 4

Telecommunications gives you 4 things:

Back 4

-shared resources
-act centrally when decentrally located
-communication
-shared information

Front 5

Point to Point

Back 5

a simple network in which both nodes are computers

Front 6

Physical topology

Back 6

how wires are run from node to node

Front 7

Electrical topology

Back 7

how the network operates as a result of protocol and central node connectivity

Front 8

channel

Back 8

a communications path between nodes

Front 9

LAN (local area network)

Back 9

connectivity among two or more nodes closely located, and connecting people within an organization; are privately owned and are not regulated

Front 10

WAN (wide area network)

Back 10

networks that cover wide geographical areas. go beyond cities and extend globally. the next extreme is a GAN (global)

Front 11

Network Interface Card (NIC)

Back 11

a circuit card in a microcomputer that provides the electrical interface to a network

Front 12

hub

Back 12

passive device that provides a central point of contact for a network. it connects the nodes with shared bandwidth

Front 13

switch

Back 13

active device that provides a central point of contact for a network; it connects the nodes and provides dedicated bandwidth

Front 14

Packet

Back 14

unit of digital data with a set number of bytes including some that act as an address code.

Front 15

protocol

Back 15

standard that governs interaction; an agreed upon format for transmitting data between two devices

Front 16

Physical Topology

Back 16

the way the cabling ofa network is actually laid out

Front 17

Electrical Topology

Back 17

how the network operates as a result of protocol and central node connectivity

Front 18

UPS

Back 18

device that protects from power surges and continues providing power in case of short-term power outages

Front 19

bus network

Back 19

multipoint network w/ no master/slave. all nodes are equal but one may have NOS on it

Front 20

ring network

Back 20

a network where each node is connected to two adjacent nodes. token passing protocol is used (802.5)

Front 21

star network

Back 21

all circuits radiate from a central node, point to point. used in low-speed/low-cost data networks

Front 22

Multistation Access Unit (MAU)

Back 22

the hub in a ring network

Front 23

collision

Back 23

occurs when two nodes transmit at the same time

Front 24

collision avoidance

Back 24

a protocol that makes collisions of packets on a channel impossible; ex: CSMA/CA, token passing, polling

Front 25

collision detection

Back 25

the ability to detect and react to a collision of packets on a channel for ex. CSMA/CD

Front 26

csma/cd

Back 26

uses carrier sense to determine if the channel is quiet, collision can still occur

Front 27

network

Back 27

two or more nodes connected by one or more channels; consists of a pattern of paths and associated equipment

Front 28

hub

Back 28

network equipment that connects multiple nodes with shared bandwidth; passive device

Front 29

switch

Back 29

active device that provides centra point of contact for a network; connects nodes and provides dedicated bandwidth

Front 30

SNMP(simple network management protocol)

Back 30

allows remote devices to be managed rom a central office

Front 31

bridge

Back 31

intelligent devices that connect networks using same protocol allowing separation for security and congestion control

Front 32

translating bridge

Back 32

connect two LANs that use different data link protocols

Front 33

transparent bridge

Back 33

connect two LANs that use the same protocols

Front 34

router

Back 34

hardware or software that directs messages toward their destination, often from one network to another

Front 35

gateway

Back 35

intelligent device that connects networks that use different protocols, thus requiring protocol conversion

Front 36

path

Back 36

route between any two nodes

Front 37

4 Benefits of Network

Back 37

1. cost saving
2. sharing of resources
3. user interface
4. encourages management control

Front 38

Physical Topology of of LAN

Back 38

always a star for ease of installation and maintenance

Front 39

TCP/IP

Back 39

IP is responsible for moving packets of data between nodes; TCP is responsible for verifying delivery from client to server

Front 40

Hierarchy of Networks

Back 40

PAN
TAN
LAN
MAN
WAN
GAN

Front 41

PAN

Back 41

on or near the person; ex. bluetooth, earphones

Front 42

LAN

Back 42

homogeneous users; 1 mile radius; people within an organization; privately owned and nonregulated

Front 43

MAN

Back 43

city sized area; gives a city competitive advantage; ex. fiber using token-passing (FDDI)

Front 44

WAN

Back 44

heterogeneous users; widely dispersed; can extend globally; requires intermediary machines; extreme of WAN is GAN

Front 45

VAN

Back 45

special form of WAN; offers added intelligence like speed translation & data handling; Nonregulated

Front 46

Data Transmission Forms

Back 46

Synchronous & Asynchronous

Front 47

Synchronous

Back 47

block of data based; send a group of characters at a time, called a packet

Front 48

Asynchronous

Back 48

character based; sends a character at a time

Front 49

Asynchronous error checking

Back 49

Uses parity bits at end of 8bit string, Pbit contains 0 or 1 to make the addition of all bits = even. if odd, the data has been corrupted

Front 50

Synchronous data packet

Back 50

composed of header, data/body, and trailer (w/ BCC data for error checking)

Front 51

Synchronous packet picture

Back 51

[Header|data characters|Trailer(w/BCC)]

Front 52

Integrity

Back 52

if the data that was transmitted has not been corrupted by noise

Front 53

page of text

Back 53

2000 characters

Front 54

Cyclical Redundancy Checking

Back 54

synchronous data error checking; divides data by constant "K" and places remainder in BCC field. This number is recreated when received to make sure data is not corrupt

Front 55

Data Channel Reliability

Back 55

1. noise free channel
2. good error detection
3. correct and retransmit bad data
4. redundancy in data to self correct

Front 56

Network Attributes

Back 56

RAPS
R- reliability
A-accessibilitiy
P-performance
S-security

Front 57

RTR

Back 57

resiliency through redundancy is what we ultimately want out of our network, given we have the RAPS attributes

Front 58

Power for Network Equipment attributes

Back 58

CARW
C-continuity 24*7
A-accessibility
R-regulation
W-waveform

Front 59

convergence

Back 59

is the bringing together of two or more technologies; ex. video and text; major cause of need for greater bandwidth

Front 60

need for bandwidth growth each year

Back 60

300%

Front 61

Industry convergence

Back 61

video, data, voice

Front 62

Compression

Back 62

reduction of hte size of a file or stream, resulting in less required bandwidth

Front 63

DSL

Back 63

technology that provides digital communications over twisted pair copper

Front 64

ADSL

Back 64

digital technology on POTS lines providing high bandwidth; circuit is digitized and divided into telephone and one or more digital channels

Front 65

Carr's Axiom

Back 65

You can do a lot with a little!

Front 66

How you can do a lot with a little

Back 66

-convergence drives bandwidth
-compression reduces need
-simple data/text is low bandwidth
-always include future growth when installing
-limited bandwidth may suffice when installing

Front 67

T1 Bandwidth

Back 67

1.544 Mbps; 24 DS0 channels

Front 68

convergence

Back 68

combination of two or more media, such as text video; driving force behind bandwidth

Front 69

DS0 Bandwidth

Back 69

64Kbps

Front 70

ISP (internet service provider)

Back 70

retail point of access to the Internet backbone, Company who privdes Internet access to users.

Front 71

broadband

Back 71

transmission equipment and media that can support a wide bandwidth.

Front 72

ISDN (integrated services digital network)

Back 72

Digital switching and transmission systems with high data rate channels, high speed and high quality using digital. digital telephone, composed of multiple channels

Front 73

ADSL (asymmetric digital subscriber line)

Back 73

digital technology on POTS lines providing high bandwidth; circuit is digitized and divided into one or more data and telephone channels

Front 74

PDN (packet data network)

Back 74

provides connectivity to many points geographically; uses virtual circuits and datagrams

Front 75

PAD (packet assembler/disassembler)

Back 75

device that receives the total data block; break it into packets adds addressing; error-checking; places the packet onto network

Front 76

X.25

Back 76

a standard for packet-switched networks

Front 77

BISDN (broadband integrated services data network)

Back 77

ISDN above T1 that has ISDN specific services; use of 2 broadband technologies SONET and ATM to provide high bandwidth connectivity

Front 78

Frame relay

Back 78

an ISDN frame-mode service based upon fast packet switching.

Front 79

STS1/OC1

Back 79

51.84 Mbps;

Front 80

SONET (Synchronous optical network)

Back 80

high-speed, high reliability serial digital transmission over optical fiber cable

Front 81

ATM (asynchronous transfer mode)

Back 81

switching technology used by BISDN. connects cells at very high speeds. can have 5 byte header and 48 byte payload

Front 82

Internet means

Back 82

connectivity; a network of networks

Front 83

WWW

Back 83

interface; the graphical user interface to the internet

Front 84

hyptertext

Back 84

text with pointer to other text and media

Front 85

hypermedia

Back 85

involves images, sound, animation in addition to text

Front 86

tags

Back 86

commands inserted to specify how the document should be formatted

Front 87

SGML (standard generalized makrup language)

Back 87

a system for organizing and tagging elements ofa document.

Front 88

HTML

Back 88

authoring language that is used like a word processor to created documents on the WWW

Front 89

XML

Back 89

pared down version of SGML, allows authors to customize tags, enabling definitions.

Front 90

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

Back 90

the software capability that provides the graphical users interface for the WWW

Front 91

MAE (metropolitan area ethernet)

Back 91

major access point to the Internet backbone (east, west and central)

Front 92

URL (uniform resrouce locator)

Back 92

global addresses of documents and other resources on the WWW

Front 93

intranet

Back 93

private implementation of internet technologies within an organization

Front 94

Demands of Business Today

Back 94

1. shortened product lifecycles
2. increased cost pressures
3. quality and customer service
4. changing markets
5. new business models

Front 95

MIME (multipurpose internet mail extensions)

Back 95

an Internet Standard for the format of e-mail

Front 96

Reasons Internet have had a dramatic impact on Business

Back 96

PURCS
P-performance
U-universal communication
R-reliability
C-cost
S-standards

Front 97

E commerce

Back 97

links enterprises, consumers, and communities through electronic transactions, and the electronic and physical exchange of goods, services , info and capital

Front 98

portal

Back 98

a web site or service that offers a broad array of resources and services from a single point of entry

Front 99

authentication

Back 99

process of determining whether someone/thing is infact what it declares itself to be

Front 100

authorization

Back 100

ability to determine if the person accessing is allowed to do so

Front 101

clarity of interface

Back 101

users understand and are comfortable with the interface

Front 102

security

Back 102

ensures that neither the user nor anyone else can inappropriately access, view, copy, change or destroy data in the system.

Front 103

privacy

Back 103

added security provided for assets, especially information of a personal nature