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197 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 "Cs" of radio and what do they indicate?
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Competition, Consolidation, Control; the nature of the radio business
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There are more ____ than any other media.
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Radio Stations
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There are ____ times more radio stations than newspapers.
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5
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There are ____ times more radio stations than television.
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10
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What is the breakdown (from highest to lowest percentage) of advertising revenue by medium
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22% direct mail
21% newspaper 19% broadcast news 9% radio 8% cable tv 3% internet |
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How many stations are there in the radio universe? What percent are commercial AM? commercial FM? noncommercial FM?
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13,000
37% 47% 16% |
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Is radio locally or nationally based?
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locally
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What kind of advertising does AM radio rely on? FM?
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local advertising
nat'l spot & local advertising |
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What markets does AM advertise for? FM?
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local markets
larger cities |
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According to Share of Audience, FM stations make up what % of all radio listening?
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80%
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According to Share of Audience, the 2 most profitable types of stations are?
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big FM stations in big cities and AM news/talk stations in big cities
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What other "C" of radio caused consolidation?
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Competition or the competitive nature of radio
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What did the NAB do in the 1990s concerning radio? What was radio like at this time? How many AM and FM stations were there?
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the NAB lobbied to regulate radio; Mom and Pop or locally owned radio; 7 AM and 7 FM stations
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What is a duopoly?
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owning more than one AM or FM radio station in the same market
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What 1965 FCC rule effected radio? What restriction did it set?
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Nonduplication rule says that stations can no longer duplicate or simulcast the programming of their parent AM station
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What 2 changes were seen in radio after the 1965 nonduplication rule?
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greater diversity in FM radio and increased consumer interest
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What essentially did the Local Market Agreement ban but still allow?
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Duopoly ownership
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What is a Local Market Agreement? what is the unofficial name for this agreement?
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an arrangement whereby a company that owns one station can manage asset of another station without violation FCC rules; also called "grandfathering"
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What did the Telecom Act of 1996 do for radio? What was the rule for single owners? for group owners?
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it relaxed ownership standards in radio; no limit on how many stations single owners could have; maximum of 8 statins for group owners
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What is the largest firm in radio revenue controls? How much of total revenue does it control? How many stations does it have?
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Clear Channel Comm., 26%, 1240
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What is the second largest firm in radio revenue controls? how much of total revenus does it control?
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Infinity Broadcasting, 18%, 185
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The 5 largest radio group owners (with the most stations) control ____% of revenues nationwide and ____% of revenues in the largest markets.
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55%, 85%
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Who are the top 10 radio group owners in order by how many stations they own?
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Clear Channel
Cumulus Citadel Infinity Entercom Cox Radio Salem Entravision ABC Radio NextMedia Group |
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Who are the top 6 radio group owners by revenue?
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Clear Channel
Infinity Cox Radio ABC Radio Entercom Citadel |
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What are the pros for ownership consolidation of radio?
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group ownership allows for economies of scale which means more efficient programming and better news coverage
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What are the cons for ownership consolidation of radio?
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sameness in formats from market to market and increasing use of voice-tracking by group owners
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What radio group just recenlty purchased 5 Athens radio stations from a local partnership? What 2 well-known stations were included?
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Cox Radio
WGAU and WNGC |
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The 3rd "C" control sees that radio station formats/playlists are _____ and tend to be controlled by ______.
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very structured, station management
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Today, most markets in the US recieve how many radio signals?
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25
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Who do radio stations cater to today? as opposed to who in the past? What is the city/geographical area that stations are located in called?
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Target audience as opposed to a broad audience; markets
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What 4 categories does radio management target audience by?
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age, gender, music preference, lifestyles
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What is a radio station program strategy known as? What does a successful one do?
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format; it consistently delivers the TA to specific advertisers
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How many stations usually play country? What are the 2 different types of country played?
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1 in 6 stations; contemporary concentrates on current hits and traditional emphasizes country western standards
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What is the most popular AM radio format? Who is a nationally syndicated personality identified with this format?
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News/Talk and Sports
Rush Limbaugh |
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Many types of music fall into which 2 radio formats? What do these formats attract?
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Adult Contemporary and Oldies; the audience most in demand by advertisers
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What music does the format Contemporary Hit Radio emphasis? The music tends to be _____ and the djs are _____.
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most current hit music; uptempo; assertive and loud
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What 2 stations can be found within the popular eithnic format?
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Hispanic Radio and Black/Urban Contemporary
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What are the 2 ways to classify radio formats?
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1. the # of stations following a format
2. the "share" of the listening audience drawn to each programming genre |
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What are the top 3 radio formats according to # of stations?
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Country
News/Talk Oldies |
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What are the top 3 radio station formats according to share of audience?
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News/Talk
Adult Contemporary Other |
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What do audience characteristics shape? How is country and example of this?
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Programming; country delivers a target audience that is particularily desirable for many advertisers
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How many noncommercial radio stations are there?
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2100
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What 3 types of noncommercial radio are there? Who runs them?
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Community-liscenced to civic groups
College-sponsored by colleges and communication departments Public-CPB qualified |
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What are the 3 noncommercial stations in Athens? Who runs each? What type of radio is each?
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WMSL; Prince Ave. Christian School; community
WUOG; UGA; college WUGA; UGA; public |
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What are the 2 national satellite radio broadcasters today? How do you get this service? How many channels do they provide?
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Sirius
XM through subscription 100+ channels |
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If Sirius and XM consolidated what would their combined company value be? net debt? # of subscribers?
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$13 billion
$1.6 billion 14 million subscibers |
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How to broadcasters feel about a Sirius XM merger?
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It would but terrestrial radio at an unfair advantage
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What are the 5 radio station departments?
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operations
program department sales engineering news |
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What does the operations department of radio do? what is it also known as?
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responsible for placing advertising on the station schedule; aka traffic
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What does the program department of radio do?
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overall responsibility for the station's sound
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What does the sales department of radio do?
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responsible for sale of commercial time
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What does the engineering department of radio do?
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keeps the station on air
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What are the 5 characteristics of the TV industry?
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universal, dominant, expensive, fragmenting, competitive
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What are the 2 aspects of TV fragmenting?
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declining traditional broadcast network audiences and audience segmentation
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What one word sums up TV today?
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transition
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In what 3 ways has TV transitioned?
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1. from analog to digital, highdef
2. more networks than 10 yrs ago 3. competes with home video, video games, and internet for viewers |
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What percent of homes subscribe to cable today?
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70%
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What percent of homes subscribe to DBS today?
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15%
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What are the 4 types of TV stations and what percentage do they make up?
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VHF educational 7%
UHF educational 15% VHF commercial 34% UHF commercial 44% |
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What channels are VHF and UHF found on? how many stations does each have?
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VHF channel 2-13; 570 stations
UHF channel 14 and up; 750 stations |
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What is LPTV? Why was it orginally created and in what year?
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low power tv; it was created to promote minority ownership in 1982
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What were VHF and UHF stations limited to?
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3,000 watts VHF
150 kilowatts UHF |
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How man LPTVs are in operation? where are they mainly found and most are what?
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2,000 found in rural areas and are "repearters"
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what is WHNS known on air as? what are they and where are they liscened?
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"Fox Carolina"; the Fox affilitate; greenville,SC
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What other areas does WHNS serve? Who owns it? What type of signal does it broadcast and on what channel? Where is its primary transmitter located?
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Spartanburg, Asheville, and western North and South Carolina; Meredith Corp.; analog signal on UHF channel 21; near Brevard, NC
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What is a repeater station? give an example where is used.
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When a larger station sends their signal to smaller LPTV so that it can reach remote locations; in order to reach viewers in the valleys of NC
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What percent of all TV stations are commercial? How many stations is that?
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70%, 925 stations
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What percent of all TV stations are noncommercial? How many stations is that?
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30%, 400 stations
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How do commercial tv stations attrack audiences? What do they sell airtime to advertisers based on?
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by programming information and entertainment; based on how large the viewing audience is
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What are most noncommercial tv stations affliated with?
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PBS or college/educational institutes
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What 2 separate business models is TV made up of? What does each provide?
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Network--develops programs and distributes them the be shown by local affiliates
Local--schedule programs when networks do not program |
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What are the 3 network status of local stations?
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independents, affiliates, owned and operated
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What are some full-service networks?
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ABC, NBC, CBS, FOX
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What are some part-time networks?
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UPN, WB, PAX
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What are the "big 3" in network TV? what did they orginate as? what is the 4th big network when and by who was it started?
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NBC, CBS, ABC--radio stations;
FOX in 1986 by Rupert Murdoch |
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When did UPN start? What are 2 wellknown shows?
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1995; StarTrek and WWE
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When did WB start? What are 3 wellknown shows?
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1995; Buffy, 7th Heaven, Smallville
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When did PAX TV start? What is its programming based on?
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1998; family values
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Who owns ABC?
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Disney
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Who owns NBC?
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General Electric
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Who owns CBS?
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CBS Inc.
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Who owns FOX?
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News Corporation
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Who owns CW?
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CBS/National-amusement and Time Warner
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Who owns MyNetworkTV?
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News Corporation
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Who owns ION?
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ION Media, NBC Universal, Citadel
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the 4 major networks have the majority of viewers. in 1978, _____% of HHs and in 2006 its down to ______% of HHs.
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91;45
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How are the newer networks with smaller audiences different than the "big 4"?
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1.program less time than the big 4
2. they have fewer affiliates 3. have lower ratings |
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How many affiliates does the CW have? What % coverage of the US?
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212; 100%
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How man affiliates does MyNetworkTV have? how many households do they reach? covering what % of the US?
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167; 106 million; 96%
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How man affiliates does ION have? How man households does it reach? Covering what % of the US?
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91; 91 million; 83%
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What are local TV stations rated by? Which is better more or less stars?
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Profitability; more
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Who tends to be TV owners?
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large corporations
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A TV owner can own as many stations as they want as long as the ______________ reached by their stations doesn't exceed ____%.
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Total number of US TV homes; 39
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How many TV stations in the US are noncommercial? What media enterprise serves 355 of these stations?
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400; PBS
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How many ppl does PBS reach weekly and through what 2 ways?
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73; onair and online
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What is a typical PBS rating? What are their viewers like?
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2%; well educated with high incomes
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What 3 ways does PBS garner funding?
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local TV stations, underwriting, federal grants
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Cable is a strong competitor to what type of TV?
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over-the-air
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Cable System growth: How many systems were typical in the 60s? the 70s? today?
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12,35,90+
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Basic cable systems include what 2 things?
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local/regional broadcast signals, advertiser-supported progam services
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What are the "must-carry"/retransmission consent rules?
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must-carry: cable operators are obligated to carry local station
retransmission consent: need to negotiate carriage with cable company |
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What did local stations and major networks do in return for channel space for new services?
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made programming available free to cable
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What are 4 examples of advertiser supported basic cable services?
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USA, Lifetime, CNN, ESPN
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___ of ____ cable homes subscribe to HBO? How many homes is that?
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1 of 3; 28 million
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What are 4 examples of specialty cable TV program services?
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CSPAN, electronic program guides, local gov't, juke-box style music
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What are "homes passed"? how many homes are homes passed?
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Homes in the US that are capable of subscribing to cable TV; 98 of 105 million
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what are "pay households"?
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households that subscibe to services like HBO
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What are "multipay households"?
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They subscribe to multiple pay services
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what do addressable converters provide systems?
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allow for on demand
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What does cable economics "high up-front capitalization" mean?
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cost of getting wire to each home
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What system provides additional revenue for cable?
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Tier
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What do local cable systems now sell?
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local advertising
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What provide additional revenue to cable?
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alternative services such sa high speed internet
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Cable TV systems are sold on the basis of what?
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cost per subscriber
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in 2005 who offered, how much per costumer to take over Adelphia?
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Time Warner; $3,500
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When did DBS start? It has ____ in ____ TV households. How many is that?
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1994; 1 in 5; 20 million
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How many HHs are not able to recieve cable services?
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7 million
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What 2 companies provide DBS services?
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DirecTV and DishNetwork
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What are the 5 divisions of TV station organization?
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Sales, engineering, business, programming, news
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What does the sales division of the TV station do?
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sells time to advertisers
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What does the engineering division of the TV station do?
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keeps the station operating
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What does the business division of the TV station do?
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responsible for collecting money and paying the bills
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What does the programming division of the TV station do?
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develops programming for station
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What does the news division of the TV station do?
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produces local newscasts and informational programming
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What are the 3 departments of the cable franchise?
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technology, marketing, costumer service
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What 2 reasons is TV considered a "cottage industry"?
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1. despite popularity and potential influence of programming, the industry is small and only has about 325,000 employees
2. like many other small companies a move up the career ladder requires skill and dedication |
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What are 4 words the reinforce the notion that the internet is diffferent from tradtional broadcasting?
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ISPs, routers, JAVA, and domain names
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What 3 types of people helped with the early development of internet?
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scientist, computer hobyists, and busniesspeople
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what are 2 examples of media on the web?
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streaming media and net broadcasting
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What is Teletex? What are the 2 types of it?
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providing info via electronic network; CEEFAX and Videotex
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What is CEEFAX?
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an info service in great britain that delivered info within the "blanking" of the TV signal
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What is Videotex?
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experiements with providing info via electronic network in the US sponsored by newspapers
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What is the source?
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an early home information utility linked home computers to a central server
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What did prodigy grow out of and what became of prodigy?
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earlier videotext consumer trials; ISP
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Prodigy was a joint venture between who?
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CBS, IBM, Sears
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What was Prodigy?
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a national network of "points-of-presence" sites that made local access phone numbers available for most homes in the US to connect to the national data center in NY
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What did Prodigy provide and for how much? What did it use? How did it do advertising?
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monthly services for a flat fee; graphical interface; advertising embedded in the screens
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What did Prodigy pioneer?
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online communities and news services, spyware, and content control
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What is Prodigy now a part of?
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AT&T
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What did American Online begin as and in what year?
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Quantum Computer services in 1985
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What online game service and video game console did AOL provide?
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Atari and Commodore
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What did AOL lanuch in 1988 and who were they in joint venture with?
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AppleLink; Apple
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What year does Quantum change its name to America Online?
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1989
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At its peak, AOL was the ISP for how many subscribers? How many today?
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30 million; less than 13 million
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What is AOL a subsidiary of?
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Time Warner
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What are 2 other early ISPs?
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Compuserv and gEnie
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What are the 4 changes in technology in the 1980s?
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1. modem speed increased
2. telephone access costs decrease 3. newer computers produce ease of use 4. color displays replaced monochrome displays |
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What 2 programs spurred growth of local ISPs?
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world wide web and internet browser mosaic
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What is "churn"? Within what medium did it become a problem?
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customer erosion; internet
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What became the first browser for personal computers? what year?
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Mosaic, 1993
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What language do webpages use?
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HyperText Markup Language (HTML)
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What provided users with a way to navigate arou the Web?
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search engines
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How many internet users were there in the US in 1993? 2007?
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a little over 1 million; 213 million
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What % of total adults use the internet? What % is men? What % is women?
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71%, 70%, 71%
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How many people age 18-29 use the internet? 30-49? 50-64? 65+?
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87%, 83%, 65%, 32%
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Internet use breakdown by race/ethnicity: (%)
White/non-hispanic Black/non-hispanic English-speaking hispanic |
73%
62% 78% |
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Internet use breakdown by geography: (%)
Urban Suburban Rural |
73%
73% 60% |
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Internet use breakdown by household income: (%)
Less than 30,000/yr 30,000-49,999/yr 50,000-74,999/yr 75,000+/yr |
55%
69% 82% 93% |
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Internet use breakdown by Education: (%)
Less than HS HS Some College College |
40%
61% 81% 91% |
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Name the top 16 things people do online and what percent report doing them.
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1. email 91%
2. find info 91% 3. map/driving directions 86% 4. info on hobby/interest 83% 5. health/medical info 80% 6. research product/service before purchase 78% 7. check weather 78% 8. get news 72% 9. buy a product 71% 10. IM 39% 11. read blog/journals 39% 12. upload photos 37% 13. wikipedia 36% 14. look for religious/ spiritual info 35% 15. play online games 35% 16. phone call online 8% |
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HHs with ____ internet access now significantly outnumber thos with _____ internet access.
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broadband; dial-up
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What percent of Americans say they are spending less time with traditional media because of the amount of time they are spending online?
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30%
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____ in ____ people would choose to keep th einternet and eliminate if they had to choose.
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4 in 10
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Nearly ____ in ____ Americans have watched video over the Internet in the last ______. How many people is this?
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1 in 5; month; 47 million
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What are the 4 most popular services on the internet?
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E-mail
World Wide Web Messaging services File sharing/swapping |
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What are 2 main World Wide Web browsers?
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internet explorer
mozilla firefox |
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What are 2 main messaging services?
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IM and Skype
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What are "plug-ins"?
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helper applications that extend the usefulness of web browsers
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name 4 examples of plug-ins:
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apple's quicktime
real player macromedia's flash & shockwave sun's java |
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What is a portal?
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an entrance or doorway (in internet)
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What are internet portals? what 3 things can they provide?
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starting places for cyberjourneys
1. provide a startup page for browsing 2. provide link pages and info about other websites 3. provide space for advertisers |
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What are internet communities? What 3 types are there and what takes place in each type.
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places where people can congregate
1. dicussion forums-places to trade ideas 2. virtual communities-websites, free email 3. online games-special interactive game sites |
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What are the top 3 digital media web pages based on unique audience and reach?
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Google
Microsoft Yahoo! |
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Commerce and advertising revenue is _____ comapred to broadcasting and cable industries.
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small
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What happened in internet in 2000 that caused many companies to go bankrupt?
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dotcom bust
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What media sharing server started in June of 1999? What did it allow users? Who was it popular amoung?
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Napster; to search for and swap music on the web; college students
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Who sued Napster in Dec 1999 for copyright infringement? Which band is most known for threats to sue Napster?
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RIAA; Metallica
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What year did the court make their decision on Napster? What did they decide?
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in 2001 they ordered the shut down of Napster
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What are 2 other examples of peer-to-peer sharing?
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Morpheus and LimeWire
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T/F RIAA claims online sales of music are up.
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False
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How doe ABCNews and 60 Minutes use the web for cross-promotion?
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ABCNews.com provides streaming of newscast segments
60 Minutes web stories match weekly TV show stories |
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What does National Public Radio allw listeners to do?
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download radio segments of the Web
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What do entertainment sites provide for internet users?
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information aobut storylines and stars on websites
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Online users appear to listen to what kind of radio less?
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commercial
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What age group spends less time with traditional media as internet usage increases?
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12-34 years
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What percent of streaming media listeners are under the age of 35?
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57%
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Because of copyright issues, what have many U.S. stationg been forced to pull the plug on?
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Webcasting
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More than ____ in _____ people have listen to internet radio in the past month.
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1 in 5
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The weekly internet radio audience has increased ____% over the last year.
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50
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Nearly 1 in 5 ____ to ____ year olds listened to internet radio in the last week.
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18-34
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How many weekly online radio listeners have purchased music from an online music download store? (fraction)
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1/3
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On Sept. 11, 2001 news-related searches were ___ times greater than usual.
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60
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in a 1998 study, what percent of people felt online news sources were trustworthy?
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80%
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What 2 modems made streaming TV pictures on the web difficult and why?
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Dial up modems were not fast enough for streaming and cable modems were not fast enough for full screen, full motion video
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What did new MPEG4 standards do?
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imporoved picture fidelity
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What are two different examples of sites currently streaming video clips?
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CNN.com & CBS.com stream news
Real Networks, movie studios, and gamers provide interactive experiences |
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The number of Americans who have viewed internet video in the last week has increased by ____% in the last year.
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50
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