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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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taste buds
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-microvilli containing taste receptor proteins
-stem cell underneath for formation of new taste receptor cells |
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gustatory nerve to brain
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-tongue > brainstem > thalamus > insula and/or somatosensory cortex
-tongue > brainstem > hypothalamus and/or amygdala |
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insula, somatosensory cortex
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Insula - interprets taste
Somatosensory cortex - interprets texture |
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sweet receptor
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-there are two (2) GPCRs for sweet, they detect sucrose
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saccharin
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-made in 1879, it is 500x sweeter than sucrose
-leave a slightly bitter, metallic aftertaste chemical structure is NOTHING like sucrose In SWEET 'N LOW |
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aspartame
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-180x sweeter
-discovered in 1969 when searching for an ulcer medicine -dipeptide of aspartate and phenylalanine -peptides are unstable in heat, stable in acidic environments In EQUAL |
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acesulfame
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-200x sweeter
-discovered in 1967 |
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sucralose
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Splenda
-600x sweeter -replaces three OH- groups with Cl- |
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Stevia, stevoside
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Stevia rebaudiana (it's a leaf, damnit)
-300x sweeter -stevoside is the chemical that tastes sweet. |
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umami, glutamate, amino acids
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-Umami - delicious
-MSG activates umami because of glutamate-ness. seriously. -Also responds to other amino acids and powdered yeasts; trichloronic acid, shitake and oyster mushroom |
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sugarcane history
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Started in Asia and the South Pacific
Moved to the Mediterranean in about 1000AD Columbus brought it to the Caribbean |
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Capsaicin, chili
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Capsicum annum - chili peppers
-is the hot quality in chili -chili peppers are from the Americas |
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thermal receptors, TRP channels
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-receptors that activate with heat or hot foods
-Transient Receptor Potential is a chain of amino acids -channels that are opened both by spicy foods and heat -Heat: Calcium flows in and depolarizes the channel |
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menthol
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activates cold TRPs
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ginger, wasabi, horseradish, mustard, garlic, etc.
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Things that are spicy without capsaicin
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Essential Oil
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The aromatic component from roots and leaves of plants, extracted by distillation
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distillation
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dissolve and heat, repeat.
may lose some molecules that won't dissolve or those that are damaged by heat |
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concrete
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solvent extraction of scent for hydrophobic materials (like using hexane.)
solvent evaporates, leaving pomade (waxy substance) |
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absolute
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using another solvent to dissolve away the waxy stuff. This is essential oil.
no heating, no loss. |
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geraniol / geranial, indole, methanethiol / ethanethiol, asparagusic acid, dimethyl sulfide
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-geraniol - rose scent (the alcohol version)
-geranial - lemon scent (the aldehyde version) -indole - looks like 5HT-2A, smells like shit. -methanethiol - in stove gas -ethanethiol - stinkiest thing ever -butanethiol - skunk (christen love) -dimethyl sulfide - just some other stinky molecule |
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anosmia: general vs. specific
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general - loss of all olfactory reception
specific - loss of a particular smell |
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olfactory epithelium, olfactory receptor cells, olfactory receptor proteins
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-olfactory epithelium detects the airborne stuffs that go into da nose
-receptor cells are GPCRs, mammals ~1000, humans ~350 functional ones, mice have ~1100 functional ones |
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olfactory bulbs, olfactory system pathway
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-pencil-shaped things under the frontal lobe
-Nose > olfactory bulbs > thalamus > cerebral cortex OR -nose > olfactory bulbs > limbic system (emotional response) |
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pheromones, androstadienone
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-pheromones are the olfactory chemical communication within a species
-androstadienone is sex juice |
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vomeronasal pathway
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pheromone pathway, not clear in humans. That's why humans don't have pheromones
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mechanoreceptors
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detect pressure
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body map: somatosensory homunculus
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Synonymous. Wilder Penfield discovered it by poking peoples brains.
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frontal section and saggital section
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A way of viewing the brain. -Frontal means it faces forward if sliced
-sagittal are parallel to the sagittal suture and perpendicular to the coronal sections -coronal is horizontal; across crown |
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S1 brain localization and information flow in somatosensory cortex
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anterior of the parietal lobe, shaped like a little person
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S1 Lesions
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-produces loss of feeling, sensation
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neglect syndrome and other sensory weirdness
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it's when you ignore half the body, you may not even realize you're doing it
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primary motor cortex (M1) and supplementary motor areas
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-Posterior frontal lobe
-responsible for movement -Supplementary is used for planning the movement before the actual signal is sent |
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M1 lesion
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Paralysis.
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apraxias
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lesion in supplementary motor areas, problem with organization of movement
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interconnectivity between secondary somatosensory areas and prefrontal motor areas
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it happens.
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mirror neuron
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frontal lobe neurons are active during movement AND during observation of movement
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frontal lobe / parietal lobe lesion
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-leads to paralysis and somatosensory weirdness.
If it's on the right hemisphere, it will be anosognosia - denial of illness |
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Freudian psychological defenses
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distortions of reality to reduce anxiety
denial, rationalization, rejection, rationalization anosognosia is an exaggeration of these defenses |
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left/right hemisphere difference
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LH Stroke - depression
RH stroke - people rarely get depressed |
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Broca's aphasia
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-Problem with production of language
-Left frontal lobe lesion -apraxia for language - "organizing" movements. Can make sounds but not words or sentences |
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Wernicke's aphasia
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-Problem understanding written and spoken language
-Left posterior/parietal lobe lesion |
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cerebral lateralization of language, Wada test
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-Juhn Wada - 1949
Gave a barbiturate directly into someone's carotid artery and had them count. Most people stopped counting when it was injected into the right side (left hemisphere), so that's where the spoken language center of the brain is Left carotid just makes people feel drunk, but they can still count |
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language processing: A1, Wernicke’s area, Broca’s area
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A1- Primary auditory cortex
-sounds that are language go to A1 and Wernicke's -Language that has meaning goes to A1, Wernicke's, and Broca's areas |
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corpus commissurotamy studies
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-Split brain patients in the 1960's
-If the spoon is in the right visual field, people can identify the spoon -If the spoon is in the left visual field, they wouldn't be able to say what they saw, but their right hand could choose something to go along with it |
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left and right hemisphere functions
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Left
-Language -Calculation -Visual detail -Sequential Analytic Processing Right: -nonverbal, linguistic -3-D, spatial -visual geshtalt -Harmony, timbre -holistic parallel processing |
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Albert Einstein’s brain abnormalities
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-superior prefrontal and inferior parietal lobes
-Very high neuron to glia ratios |
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efference copy
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commands leave an "image" of themselves somewhere in the brain so that they can be accessed later
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