Techsoc

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1912 Radio Act

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gave Secretary of Commerce job of minimizing interference and regulating frequencies

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Radio, Herbert Hoover, 1928

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Opened up spectrum for all

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Radio Act of 1927

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-Created the "public interest" standard
- Created the FCC
-Broadcasters accepted some public-interest regulation in exchange for new barriers to entry

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1937, FCC granted three of these channels with renewable licenses

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FM

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1940 FCC Decision

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FCC gave FM 40 channels in VHF band for commercial and educational stations

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1945 Allocation of FM

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Educational FM given sole access to a certain band (where public radio resides)

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FM Radio audience in the 1960s

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Classical music, youth alternative, Native American groups

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1993 FCC competative bidding

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for wavelength allocation

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Omnibus Budget and Reconciliation Act of 1993

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Allowed new subscription-based service licenses to be auctioned

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metrology

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the science of standards

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"Just Price" Economy

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Price of bread is fixed so loaf gets smaller as prices rise. Price is encoded in measure

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Three modern Waves of Standards

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-Steam powered interchangeable parts
- Electricity scaling up to mass production
- Late 20th century compatibility standards

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Why would de facto standards appear sans government?

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Technical basis of standard is superior to existing one. New standards easier to use or cost less, compelling authority behind the standard

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Jean Baptiste de Gribeauval 1765

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Invented interchangeable parts, made gun repair much cheaper

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Exemplars

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Made off original standard and used to callibrate instrument (for example, an exemplar kilogram)

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Intrinsic Standards

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cesium for time, krypton-86 for the meter

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Talleyrand

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Proposed the metric system in 1789 in France. Spread after world fair in 1867

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Standardization of the Ohm

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Siemen's wanted to do it with a column of mercury, but the International Electrical Congress wanted to do it with a magnet and coil of water

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Christopher Sholes

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invented QWERTY keyboard, to prevent problem of jamming type bars in typewriters

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August Dvorak

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simlified keyboard in 1936, much faster

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Malcolm McLean

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Owned a large and dynamic trucking business, wanted to standardized containers and integrate this into ships as well

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Public Good Theory

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Calls for state to promote behaviors

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Public Goods Theory

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Calls for state to prevent behaviors

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Pareto Optimum

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Most efficient distribution for consumers and producers

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Nonrival Consumption

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Consumption by one individual does not detract from another

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Nonexcludability

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Difficult to prevent other people from enjoying the good

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Arthur Cecil Pigou

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Wrote "The Economics of Welfare"
- Self interest can produce economic welfare but only when social institutions intervene to make it so
- State action needed to make things operate

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Pigovian Taxes

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-Costs/benefits for individuals are not always related to cost/benefits of society. Use taxes/subsidies to counteract

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Coase Theorem

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Ronald Coase critiqued Pigou. Based on candy shop noise case (Sturges v. Bridgeman). Favors free market

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Lighthouses

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Coase found out that lighthouses in UK were actually operated privately

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Garrett Hardin

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Tragedy of the Commons

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Enclosure

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one solution to tragedy of commons.

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Common-Property Resource

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a class of resources for which exclusion is difficult and joint use entails subtractability

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Paul Baran

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Came up with packet switching for how to communicate messages in a nuclear war

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Autovon

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Developed by ATT for DoD. Large distribute communication system in early 60's

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Donald Davis

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1966 Mark 1

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Lawrence Roberts

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oversaw ARPANET

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Telnet

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first commercial network on the market, using NCP

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Jon Postel

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IP inventor, in the beginning doled out root domains until Clinton took it away from him

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Jon Postel

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IP

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Reverse sailents

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Thomas Hughes, components of a system that have fallen behind or that are out of phase with ohters

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Linear Model

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Invention->Innovation->Diffusion

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Mesa Process

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For making transistors on a silicon wafer

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Bayh-Dole Act

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1980, Patent and Trademark Law Amendments Act, Carter administration.
- Universities can receive patent rights on research that was publicly funded

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Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act

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Carter administration (1980) sets up a technological administration in Dep of Commerce to encourage the industry

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Regulatory Capture

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Regulatory bodies side too much with cp,[amu

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Public Interest Theory

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Arthur Cecil Pigou. Regulation is supplied in response to the demand of the public for teh correction of inequitable market practices.

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Perverted Public Interest Theory

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Regulatory Failure due to overidentification with industry

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Granger Laws

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anti-monopoloy activism in the late 19th century

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Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

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Took away states' powers to police the railroads, produces agitation for federal regulation

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Sherman Act (1890)

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Antitrust Division of the Department of Commerce

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Clayton Act (1914)

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Creates FTC
- specifies prohibited activites (price descrimination, exclusive dealing)

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Telecom Act of 1996

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Removed cap on how many radio stations could be owned nationwide