Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
incremental innovations
|
minor changes to existing technology involving small advances to prior knowledge (drug enhancements)
|
nothing
|
|
|
radical innovations
|
major changes in technology involving discovery or new knowledge; involves more risk, time, and cost (new drugs)
|
nothing
|
|
|
Ettlie et al.
|
studied radical and incremental process innovation and radical packaging innovations in the food-processing industry. Conclusion??
|
firms with aggressive technology adopted radical innovations more often; firms that were decentralized and formalized adopted incremental innovations more often
|
|
|
Dewar and Dutton
|
studied radical and incremental innovations in the footwear industry. Conclusion??
|
technical specialists were critical for radical and incremental adoptions but more predictive of radical adoptions
|
|
|
Kaluzny
|
studied number of new hospital and health services adopted. Conclusion??
|
professionalization was a positive predictor of incremental and radical in health services but positive for incremental only in hospitals; formalization was primary predictor of radical programs in hospitals
|
|
|
Nord and Tucker
|
studied adoption of NOW accounts by banks. Conclusion??
|
firms were concerned with consistency adopted incremental innovations; firms who will adapt org routines are more likely to adopt radical innovations
|
|
|
Overall conclusions of prior research
|
studies suggested that incremental and radical innovation adoptions may be more similar than previously thought
|
nothing
|
|
|
Dependent variables
|
number of new drug enhancements and number of new drugs
|
nothing
|
|
|
input control mechanisms
|
specialist diversity and professionalism
|
nothing
|
|
|
behavior control mechanisms
|
centralization, formalization, and frequency of performance appraisals
|
nothing
|
|
|
output control mechanisms
|
goal specificity, emphasis on output, professional emphasis on output, and rewards and recognition
|
nothing
|
|
|
specialist diversity
|
measure the distribution of knowledge across R&D professionals in ten general areas of scientific expertise
|
nothing
|
|
|
professionalism
|
measured the extent to which R&D professionals were encouraged to engage in professional activities
|
nothing
|
|
|
centralization
|
was assessed as the extent to which decision-making authority was at lower levels of the R&D lab hierarchy
|
nothing
|
|
|
formalization
|
was assessed as the extent to which rules governing behavior were precisely and explicitly formulated
|
nothing
|
|
|
frequency of performance appraisals
|
was assesses as the extent to which behavior was measured and evaluated
|
nothing
|
|
|
goal specificity
|
was assesses as the extent to which goals were explicit, clearly defined, and provided unambiguous criteria for selecting among alternatives
|
nothing
|
|
|
emphasis on output
|
was assesses as the extent to which the quantity of outcomes was emphasized in performance appraisals and rewards
|
nothing
|
|
|
professional emphasis on output
|
examined whether professional forms of output was emphasized
|
nothing
|
|
|
rewards and recognition
|
was assesses as the extent to which R&D professionals received public recognition for understanding achievements
|
nothing
|
|
|
Drug enhancements with input controls results
|
increases in size, specialist diversity, and professionalization led to INCREASES in drug enhancements
|
nothing
|
|
|
Drug enhancements with behavior controls results
|
increases in centralization led to INCREASES in drug enhancements and....
|
increases in formalization led to marginal DECREASES in drug enhancements
|
|
|
Drug enhancements with output controls results
|
increases in emphasis on output and rewards & recognition led to INCREASES in drug enhancements and....
|
increases in emphasis on professional output led to marginal INCREASES in drug enhancements
|
|
|
New drug discovery and input controls results
|
increases in professionalization led to INCREASES in new drug discovery and....
|
increases in specialist diversity led to marginal INCREASES in new drug discovery
|
|
|
New drug discovery and behavior controls results
|
increases in centralization and frequency of performance appraisals during led to INCREASES in new drug discovery and...
|
increases in formalization led to marginal INCREASES in new drug discovery
|
|
|
New drug discovery and output control results
|
increases in goal specificity, emphasis on output, and rewards & recognition led to INCREASES in new drug discovery
|
nothing
|
