Comprehensive

Front 1

Predator satiation (as applied to birthing and hatching timing)

Back 1

An antipredator adaptation in which prey occur at high population densities, reducing the probability of an individual organism being eaten. This adaptation can be applied to reproductive timing, wherein a species synchronizes its mating period and thus its birthing period in a phenomena known as masting.

Front 2

Define female defense polygyny. Provide an example of a vertebrate species that exhibits this behavior

Back 2

Female defense polygyny typically manifests itself as a harem structure, wherein many females mate with one male. This behavior is exhibited by elephant seals.

Front 3

Differentiate between fertility and fecundity

Back 3

Fertility is the ecological potential for an organism to reproduce successfully ie. fertilization of eggs. Fecundity is the physiological potential of an organism to produce offspring ie. number of young produced per reproductive event.

Front 4

What are the four assumptions of the Lincoln-Peterson Model?

Back 4

Assumes a closed population wherein:

All animals are equally catchable

No recruitment or immigration between mark and recapture efforts

Marked and unmarked animals die or leave at the same rate

No marks lost

Front 5

Define home range

Back 5

The geographic area to which an organism usually confines its activities (contains resources for survival and reproduction). Includes daily activities and travel as well as resources for growth/survival.

Front 6

What is the biological/ecological definition of carrying capacity?

Back 6

The maximum number of individuals that can be maintained in an environment, indefinitely.

Front 7

What are the 2 viewpoints which can be taken to evaluate whether a species is within the carrying capacity of the habitat? explain the differences.

Back 7

The two perspectives are from (i) the animal viewpoint, (ii) the habitat viewpoint.

(i) Id the animal healthy, is it able to successfully reproduce?

(ii) Is there habitat degradation? (if yes, population is exceeding K)

Front 8

Is carrying capacity (K) constant? Explain

Back 8

Not always constant, events wherein the population exceeds K can lead to habitat degradation, lowering the capacity of the habitat. Human habitat modification and changes in community dynamics can also lower the capacity.

Front 9

The graph below depicts the Logistic growth curve

Write the equation and explain each component.

Back 9

N/t=rN((K-N)/K)

N = Change in #

t = Change in time

r = Per capita maximum potential growth rate

K = carrying capacity - The # of animals that can be maintained in the environment, indefinitely

N = # of individuals in the population

Front 10

Population -

Back 10

A group of animals that occupy a certain area at a certain time as defined by the people interested in the group.

Front 11

Sampling -

Back 11

what was sampled represents what was not sampled.

Known-to-be-alive estimates

Intensive trapping effort

you can extrapolate to large area but it may over or underestimate true population size due to variation in habitat over large areas.

Front 12

Mark-recapture estimates -

Back 12

Lincoln-Peterson models - N = (Recapture)(Initial capture)/(# recaptures)

Assumes a closed population

Front 13

Closed population assumptions:

Back 13

All animals equally catchable

No recruitment or immigration between mark and recapture efforts

Marked and unmarked animals die or leave at the same rate

No marks lost

Front 14

Distance Sampling - Assumptions

Back 14

Objects on the line or at point are detected with certainty (detectability of 1)

Objects are detected at the initial location

measurements are exact

Develop confidence interval - range of values likely to include population

Detection function

Density

Front 15

Occupancy models

Back 15

Develop occupancy history

% occupancy, probability of occupancy

Assumptions

Occupancy state is closed

Sites are independent

Probability of occupancy is same across all sites

No unexplained heterogeneity in sightings

Front 16

Recruitment -

Back 16

# of offspring reaching breeding age

Front 17

Maximum sustained yield -

Back 17

max production for max harvest - resources!

Front 18

Sociological carrying capacity -

Back 18

max population accepted by people, can vary with species and locality

Front 19

Optimum carrying capacity -

Back 19

optimal quantity and quality of resources - max individual health

Front 20

Life Tables -

Back 20

a systematic means of describing mortality as it affects age groups - analyze probabilities of survivorship, determine ages of greatest mortality, predict population growth.

Front 21

3 Types - LIFE TABLES

Back 21

Cohort or age specific life table - same age group; all deaths, age at death are known

Static or time specific life table - snapshot in time, capture event, most used in wildlife

Dynamic - Composite life table - artifact left that can be aged/sexed

Front 22

SURVIVORSHIP CURVES

Back 22

Type I - survival of juveniles is high, mortality low until old age (elk, elephants)

Type II - mortality is fairly constant - (birds and rodents)

Type III - High mortality among young and juveniles (insects, fish, marine invertebrates)

Front 23

Mating Systems -

Back 23

Monogamy - exclusive pair bonds established for reproductive season

Polygyny - 1 male, many females

Female defense polygyny (harem)

Resource defense polygyny

Promiscuity - indiscriminate

Front 24

Changes in sex ratios may impact -

Back 24

mating period, production, predator-prey relationships

Skewed sex ratio promotes prolonged mating season = prolonged fawning period = extended period of predation of more vulnerable young (no satiation)

Front 25

Cover -

Back 25

any physical or biological feature or arrangements of features that provide:

1.

Shelter - prevents the waste of energy by protecting from adverse weather

Concealment (from and FOR predators)

Front 26

Food -

Back 26

energy as fuel for metabolic processes, nutrients for growth and maintenance, reproduction)

Front 27

K and r selected species

Back 27

K = expend high cost in reproduction for a low number of more difficult-to-produce offspring

Front 28

Wildlife management

Back 28

Attempts to balance the needs of wildlife with the needs of people using the best available science.

"the art of making land produce sustained annual crops of wild game for recreational use". Leopold

Hint 28

Applied ecology

Front 29

Conservation biology

Back 29

Concerned with the phenomena that affect the maintenance, loss and restoration of biodiversity and the science of sustaining evolutionary processes that engender genetic, population, species, and ecosystem diversity.

Front 30

Wildlife ecology

Back 30

The main objective of an ecologist working in this setting is to promote healthy animal conservation. The ecologist will not only concern himself with animals, but also the habitats in which they live.

Front 31

Wildlife

Back 31

All plants and animals living outside direct human control.

Front 32

Blitzkrieg hypothesis

Back 32

Paul Martin.
Argues that humans were responsible for the late pleistocene extinction of megafauna in northern Eurasia and the Americas. When Paleo–Indians entered North America about 14,000 years ago, they were able to hunt large mammals that had no experience with humans with great ease.

Front 33

Black Hole theory of extinction

Back 33

Refers to the human gullets down which animals disappeared forever. discusses the process of invading, exploiting resources, and then moving on as the essence of human history in North America.

Front 34

Harvest

Back 34

Began as personal/subsistence hunting and use of wildlife resources. Then began the commercial use – market hunting, fur trade, feather trade, etc. And, Wildlife recreational use (hunting/fishing).

Front 35

Introduction

Back 35

Non–native plants and animals – inadvertent dispersal and purposeful introduction for food, profit, aesthetics, or recreation. Exotic ungulates in Texas.

Front 36

Early management

Back 36

Fire by primitive peoples to concentrate food animals.
societal restrictions on timing of harvest so as not to deplete resources

Front 37

Ecological management is applied three ways...

Back 37

Preservation
Direct manipulation
Indirect manipulation

Front 38

Preservation

Back 38

Nature is allowed to take its course without human intervention

Front 39

Direct manipulation

Back 39

When animal populations are trapped, shot, poisoned, and stocked.

Front 40

Indirect manipulation

Back 40

When vegetation, water, or other key components of wildlife are altered
Eric Bolen, William Robinson

Front 41

Central thesis of game management – Leopold

Back 41

Game can be restored by the creative use of the same tools which have heretofore destroyed it – axe, plow, cow, fire, gun.

Front 42

Management Steps

Back 42

Restrictions on hunting/harvest
Predator control
Reservation of game lands
Artificial replenishment
Habitat control

Front 43

3 Primary targets of hunting clubs

Back 43

1) Regulate or eliminate sale of game for market
2) Eliminate the spring shooting of game birds
3) Beef up lax game laws

Front 44

George Perkins Marsh

Back 44

America's first environmentalist
"the operation of causes set in action by man has brought the face of the earth to a desolation almost as complete as that of the moon"

Front 45

George Bird Grinnell

Back 45

Organized 1st Audubon society, founder (w/ roosevelt) of the Boone & Crocket Club – Conservation of Wild in the West

Front 46

William T. Hornaday

Back 46

Zoologist, conservationist, author
our vanishing wilderness.

Front 47

John F. Lacey

Back 47

Congressman, Lacey Act – Game and WIld birds preservation and disposition act of 1900

Front 48

The Public Trust

Back 48

Wildlife belongs to the people and managed in trust for the people by government agencies

Front 49

North American Model of Wildlife Conservation

Back 49

Public trust
Prohibition on commerce of dead wildlife
Allocation of wildlife is by law
Opportunity for all
Non–frivolous use
International resources
Managed by science

Front 50

Levels of management

Back 50

Individual – rehab. less effective
Single Species – manage for one kind
Ecosystem (community) – maintenance of biodiversity

Front 51

Variability

Back 51

The dispersion of measurements around the center of the distribution, variance

Front 52

Precision

Back 52

The closeness to each other of repeated measurements of the same quantity

Front 53

Type I Error

Back 53

Wrongly reject null hypothesis – assumption of new information when none exists

Front 54

Type II Error

Back 54

Wrongly accept null hypothesis – Assumption that no difference exists within or between samples

Front 55

Heisenberg's uncertainty principle

Back 55

The more precisely the position is determined, the less precisely the momentum is known

Front 56

**Carefully explain the stepwise connections between European styles of silviculture of the 19th and early 20th century and the modern concept of wildlife management as advocated by Leopold in his book, Game management. Include the important people (Roosevelt, Pinchot, Leopold), their positions, and the important institutions and agencies active in forming the new concept of wildlife management.

Back 56

Leopold posited that game management is the art of making land produce sustained annual crops of wild game for recreational use. In his book, Game management, he discusses the central thesis of game management: game can be restored by the creative use of the same tools that heretofore destroyed it – axe, cow, plow, fire and gun. Roosevelt was influenced by Leopold as well as Gifford Pinchot, the first chief forester who was trained in the European concept of forestry. Pinchot influenced Roosevelt in the application of multiple use policies and sustainable yield. After leaving the forest service, Pinchot taught at Yale where Leopold studied and in turn influenced Leopolds management leanings.

Front 57

**State and explain the fundamental principle of sampling.

Back 57

The fundamental principle of sampling states that what was sampled represents what was not sampled. Sampling is important because it is often not feasible to analyse every individual in a population. sampling and the analyses of sample populations allows for the estimation of population characteristics.

Front 58

**Define accuracy

Back 58

The ability to estimate a true value with little variation and bias.

Front 59

**Which North American wildlife species was the first to experience a successful captive breeding program for restocking its habitat? Where did it take place? Who supervised the program?

Back 59

Bison were involved in the first captive breeding program at the Bronx zoo in 1899. The program was supervised by WIlliam T. Hornaday.

Front 60

**What is the shifting baseline syndrome?

Back 60

Shifting Baseline Syndrome refers to a gradual change in our accepted norm for ecological conditions. The phrase describes an incremental lowering of standards that results with each new generation lacking knowledge of the historical, and presumably more natural, condition of the environment.

Front 61

**Define “Game Animals”

Back 61

Generally, those animals hunted, fished for, trapped for food, sport, or monetary value. Usually designated by legislative action.

Front 62

**Federal Aid in WIldlife Restoration Act of 1937

Back 62

– This act has been amended several times, and provides federal aid to states for management and restoration of wildlife. funds from an 11% excise tax on sporting arms and ammunition.

Front 63

**Antiquities Act of 1906 –

Back 63

Permits the president to set aside by simple proclamation historic landmarks, structures, etc, as permanent reserves.

Front 64

**Forest Reserve Act of 1891

Back 64

– Allowed the president to set aside forest reserves from the land in the public domain.

Front 65

**Federal AId in Sport Fishing Restoration Act of 1950 –

Back 65

(Dingell–Johnson) – Excise tax for fish restoration and management

Front 66

Vernon Bailey

Back 66

– Chief mammalogist of US Biological Survey c. 1925, created “Biological survey of Texas”

Front 67

John Muir

Back 67

Author and naturalist. FOunder of the SIerra club. Influenced many politicians in establishing national parks and expanding wilderness protection.

Front 68

Tax incentives for wildlife mgmt

Back 68

ag land qualifies for 1–d–1 open land tax exemptions Tax reduced to raise food crops ag use must be primary use

Front 69

Proposition 11 & reqmnts

Back 69

allows wildlife mgmt to qualify as a legitimate ag use retaining its status as open space agricultural

(3 of the following mgmts):
habitat mgmt, erosion control, predator control, supp. water supply, supp. food, provide shelter, census counts

Front 70

Succession

Back 70

– A continuous unidirectional and sequential change in the species composition of natural communities. Pioneer to climax (sere)

Front 71

Sere

Back 71

– The sequence of communities, from grass to shrub to forest that terminates in a relatively stable community.

Front 72

Seral stage

Back 72

– a point in a continuum of vegetation through time; recognized as a distinct community.

Front 73

Climax

Back 73

– the last seral stage; mature, self–maintaining, self producing.

Front 74

Succession and wildlife

Back 74

– wildlife are as representative of successional stages as are plants

Front 75

Monoclimax (3)

Back 75

1. Facilitation model – traditional, each stage facilitates changes to the next
2. Inhibition model – succession dependent on who gets there first
3. Tolerance model – facilitation and interference; who can tolerate ecological stresses

Front 76

Rangelands (3)

Back 76

1. Unsuited for cultivation
2. forage utilized by grazers (livestock and wildlife)
3. grasslands, desert shrub areas, savannahs, coastal marshes, tundra

Front 77

Range management must address(3):

Back 77

1. interactions btn veg and animals
2. roles of topography, climate, soils, water
3. The demands of humans

Front 78

Human Impact on grassland/rangelands of N. America

Back 78

– dominant paradigm→ low precipitation, deep, heavy soils, normal wildfires and large herds of grazing animals.
– In the last 20,000 yrs = large native herbivores replaced by cattle
artificial continuous grazing regime
– lightning–strike wildfires extinguished to prevent damage
– perennial climax grasses decrease, woody species invade

Front 79

Goals of range management(3)

Back 79

1. restoration of the grassland system (native plants and animals, current inhabitants may be economically important)
2. Forage production (cattle management, can benefit wildlife when stocking rates include wildlife and native forage is managed)
3. Heterogeneity (diverse habitat = diverse wildlife)

Front 80

Grazing

Back 80

– The consumption of standing forage by domestic or wild ungulates

Front 81

Overuse (grazing)

Back 81

– grazing that leads to excessive removal of the current year’s growth

Front 82

Overgrazing

Back 82

– continuous overuse resulting in regressive changes in plants and soil

Front 83

Animal unit

Back 83

– AU – amt. of forage consumed by a 454kg cow and calf = 9kg/day

Front 84

Factors affecting plants grazed by herbivores(8):

Back 84

1. stocking
2. rate
3. duration of grazing
4. frequency of grazing
5. rest
6. timing
7. species
8. herd type

Front 85

Cattle Operations

Back 85

Cow–calf operation – breeders, sell to stockers, labor intensive

Stockers – bought small and grown on land for sale, less intensive

Registered herd – small volume, breeders

Front 86

Continuous grazing

Back 86

– To graze a particular unit of land throughout the season or year, no scheduled movement of livestock, usually cow–calf operation.
– Creates patchy herbaceous layer.
– competition with wild grazers.

Front 87

Merrill Deferred Rotation (MDR)

Back 87

– delay grazing until seed maturity of important forage species, 3 herd, 4 pasture system.
– 12 mo graze, 4 mo defer, cycle done in 4 years. – good for integrating other mgmt practices.
– good for combined livestock with wildlife

Front 88

Short duration grazing

Back 88

7 days graze, 60 days rest, too short for shrub recovery

Front 89

High intensity low frequency

Back 89

14 days grazing, 100 days rest. potential for soil compaction, shrub recovery, not good for arid conditions.

Front 90

Cell grazing

Back 90

– short duration, high intensity low frequency, 8 or more pastures with 1 herd. stocking rate for whole ranch. creates uniform herbaceous layer, strategic grazing.

Front 91

Strategic Grazing

Back 91

Use of livestock as a manipulative tool in wildlife habitat mgmt to create specific habitat conditions (good w/ short duration and HILF grazing)


create weedy patches, promote grass regrowth, reduce dead material.

Hint 91

Variable rate patterning (VRP) – 3 dosage rates, 0, ½, full.

Front 92

Basic viewpoints/levels of management

Back 92

– Single species → population level orEcosystem/habitat level
– The species/population viewpoint is most commonly adopted–Strategic habitat conservation (USFWS)

Front 93

Considerations for management plans

Back 93

– Couplets– Isthe population(individual) healthy? stress? disease?– Does the population havethe desired demographic? Density, sex ratio, natality, age distribution,mortality, population growth– Is the habitat optimal or marginal – does itprovide adequate, Food, Cover, H2O, or Space?

Front 94

Harvest management

Back 94

– most common and simplest form of management.–
Game laws, Baglimits, seasons, either sex or single sex, protection against over harvest.

Front 95

Models of harvesting dynamics – Maximum sustained yield(MSY)

Back 95

– Basic premises = Without harvest, growth andrecruitment are balanced by natural mortality
– (sigmoid model) – r = 0
– Hunting reduces the population,Increases the growth rate through higher birth rates andlower death rates
– Aggressive harvest – expanded seasons, liberal bag limitsį

Front 96

MSY Assumptions (4)

Back 96

1. Rate of increase responds immediately to changes inpopulation density
2. age and sex structure of the population remains stable
3. harvest is spread throughout the population4. Harvest to protect the habitat and herd health

Front 97

Additive mortality (4)

Back 97

1. All forms of mortality have an impact
2. Care must be exercised in selecting harvest levels
3. conservative harvest levels are necessary
4. If the rate of removal is too high, the population willslide to extinction

Front 98

Compensatory mortality

Back 98

– Paul Errington – mink and muskrat
– Death due to 1 cause, may reduce deaths due to others
– Bobwhite quail ie The number of recruits is high and willencounter a bottleneck (food: late winter)
– hunting/removal ofindividuals will have a positive effect
– As animals areremoved from a population habitat conditions enhanced – compensatory

Front 99

Adaptive harvest management (3)

Back 99

1. originally developed for water fowl and othermigratory birds
2. the consequences of hunting regulations cannot bepredicted with certainty
3. Relies on a cycle of: monitoring, assessment, decisionmaking

Front 100

Application of harvest management (4)

Back 100

1. only a few economically valuable species
2. not for non–game species
3. Optimum yield has replaced MSY – includes economic orsocial factors
4. Population parameters to adjust: Density, populationgrowth, sex and age distribution

Front 101

Introduction or restoration – considerations (5)

Back 101

1. Suitability of animal for introduction/reintroduction
2. Legitimate source of animals
3. Why was the species extirpated? issue still a problem?
4. Habitat suitability & quality
5. Protection – moratorium on hunting, predator control

Front 102

Edge Effect

Back 102

1. Increase in density of populations of edge species where 2 habitat types meet (not more diversity)


2. Access to 2 habitat types > variety of vegetation

Front 103

Edge

Back 103

Edge is the boundary where 2 habitat types meet

Front 104

Edge formula

Back 104

D = a+kS


Animal density (D) is proportional to length of edge (s)


(a) is animal density in the absence of edge


(k) is proportionality constant

Front 105

Fragmentation

Back 105

consequence of too much edge with respect to contiguous blocks of critical habitat

Front 106

selective foragers –

Back 106

% comp in diet does not equal % comp in habitat

Front 107

Survivorship =

Back 107

production vs. recruitment

Front 108

Prescribed burning

Back 108

The judicious use of fire for a constructive purpose and according to a mgmt plan

Front 109

Prescribed burning objectives (6)

Back 109

1. increase forb abundance
2. manage invasion of shrubs and woody veg
3. retard succession
4. create edge
5. increase diversity
6. rejuvenate woody plants for browse production

Front 110

factors influencing a prescribed burn (5)

Back 110

size of burn
amount and type of fuel
fuel moisture content
soil moisture
timing and frequency of burn

Front 111

The prescription (7 elements)

Back 111

1. seasonal timing, late winter = cool season forbs
2. Fuel – fine fuel carries fire
3. Topography and physiography – natural firebreaks
4. Weather – humidity, temp, wind speed
5. Firelines & Firebreaks – mechanical removal of fuels
6. Equipment & Crew – fireboss, workers, pumper
7. Structures and neighbors – fences etc.

Front 112

Types of Fire (4)

Back 112

1. backfire – moves against the wind
2. head fire – moves with the wind
3. strip–head fire – several persons walking perpendicular to the wind
4. flank fire – fires started by walking into the wind

Front 113

Recreation

Back 113

Refreshment in body or mind, as after work, by some form of play, amusement, or relaxation.re– + creare– = restore to health

Front 114

Wildlife

Back 114

All plants and animals living outside direct human control – game and nongame animals

Front 115

Wildlife habitat

Back 115

habitats suitable for support of wildlife

Front 116

Wildlands

Back 116

Lands outside of direct human control; impact is minimal

Front 117

Wilderness areas

Back 117

Human impact is minimized and negligible

Front 118

**What are the two concepts of the National park service recreation mandate

Back 118

1. To conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and wildlife within the national parks
2. To provide for the enjoyment of the same in such a manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations.

Front 119

**‘For the benefit of the people’ paradox

Back 119

To maintain support of the people for wildlife, nature, and wildlands, the people must have access in meaningful ways. Meaningful access is often destructive to the resource

Front 120

APPROACHES TO STUDYING HUMAN–WILDLIFE INTERACTIONS AND IMPACTS (4)

Back 120

Assessment
Research
Policy
Management

Front 121

Federal aid in wildlife restoration act 1937

Back 121

Pittman–Robertson act 11% excise tax on guns and ammunition to be used for wildlife management

Front 122

**What are the nine basic values of/attitudes towards wildlife?

Back 122

Negativistic
utilitarian
dominionistic
naturalistic
humanistic
ecologistic/scientistic
moralistic
aesthetic
symbolic

Front 123

Define the concept of Scaling**

Back 123

"The problem of pattern and scale is the central problem in ecology, unifying populationbiology and ecosystems science, and marrying basic and applied ecology. Appliedchallenges ... require the interfacing of phenomena that occur on very different scales ofspace, time, and ecological organization. Furthermore, there is no single natural scale atwhich ecological phenomena should be studied; systems generally show characteristicvariability on a range of spatial, temporal, and organizational scales." (Levin 1992)

Front 124

Principle of Allocation

Back 124

Energy budget – finite amount of energy available to any individual
Life history = Growth, maintenance, and reproduction
If time & resources available to an organism are limited or denied, any increased demand or instability on 1 of the above is likely to occur at the expense of the others→ Focus on the individual, impact moves upward

Front 125

Passive Response

Back 125

Physiological responses:
parasympathetic nervous system
inhibition of activity
decreased blood flow to skeletal muscles and digestive system
Reduced heart and respiratory rate
reduction of body temperature
Response to strong fear, pain, anger, shock, or limited chances for escape
Strongly age related

Front 126

Active Defense Response

Back 126

Sympathetic autonomic nervous system
physiological adjustments – increased heart rate and respiration, blood flow to skeletal muscle, and body temperature
Elevation of blood sugar
Reduced blood flow to skin and digestive organs

Front 127

Additive mortality

Back 127

ruffed grouse in Wisconsin – partially or wholly additive, decreased populations on public land
rock ptarmigan – remove 40% in autumn – compensatory, and 40% in spring = additive
Both treatments ultimately depressed the populations
Only controlled hunting may be compensatory
levels of control may be important

Front 128

Competitive and facilitative relationships

Back 128

scavenger guilds – bald eagles, american crows, and glaucous–winged gulls
Bald eagles, ravens and american crows. Eagles dominant over other species, ate > 50% of salmon
Facillitative Relations – eagles open up fresh dead fish
facilitates foraging by gulls and crows

Front 129

Competitive and faciltative relationships (cont.)

Back 129

Disturbance by anglers: Eagles flushed from carcasses at greater distances, under disturbance eagles ate on 5.7 % of salmon carcasses, ravens also disturbed by anglers, crows not disturbed by anglers
Crows increase, eagles and ravens would decrease.
Decrease in eagle population could reduce overall guild numbers

Front 130

Curvilinear relatioship

Back 130

1 boat no less disturbing than several – curvilinear relationship between disturbance to impact
There is a conflict between use and the tenets of the recreation mandate: The majority of the impact occurs with initial use, making management FOR THE USE of the people difficult when paired with habitat preservation

Front 131

Displaced animals

Back 131

Occurs when animals are moved temporarily or permanently, these animals face unfamiliar habitats, suboptimal habitats or conflicts with conspecifics and current inhabitants

Front 132

Effects of displacement

Back 132

Immediate effect – out of familiar territory
Long Term effects – permanent displacement to suboptimal habitats, lower survival, reduced abundance, altered composition of species in the community, displacement of predators may change abundance of other predators and/or prey (ripple effect through community)

Front 133

Habituation

Back 133

increase in species which tolerate or habituate to human activity (skunks, chipmunks, mice, jays, magpies)
Increased food sources (trash dumps in parks = better nutrition, larger, higher repro. rate)

Front 134

National park slogan

Back 134

Take nothing but pictures, leave nothing but footprints, kill nothing but time

Front 135

Soil Layers

Back 135

O – organic material
A – Mineral and organic mix
B – Mineral soil
C – Parent material

Front 136

Curvilinear relationship between amount of use and degree of loss

Back 136

cover loss increases rapidly with initial use
lightly used sites = 55 – 71% loss
susceptibility varies with vegetation type

Front 137

What is wildlife management

Back 137

the application of ecological knowledge to populations of vertebrate animal and their plant and animal associates in a manner that strikes a balance between the needs of those populations and the needs of the people. Bolen, Robinson

Front 138

ecological knowledge is applied in 3 basic management approaches

Back 138

– preservation – when nature is allowed to take its course without human intervention
– direct manipulation – when animal populations are trapped, shot, poisoned, and stocked
– indirect manipulation – when vegetation, water, or other key components of wildlife habitats are altered.

Front 139

game management

Back 139

the art of making land produce sustained annual crops of wild game for recreational use

Front 140

Central thesis of game management

Back 140

game can be restored by the creative use of the same tools which have heretofore destroyed it, axe, cow, plow, fire and gun. Management is the purposeful and continuing favorable alignment of these tools. Aldo Leopold

Front 141

Management for (4)

Back 141

game species – hunting/consumptivenon–game species – wildlife viewing
other non–consumptive recreational activities – camping, hiking, wildlands/habitats

Front 142

Historically, wildlife management has followed this course 4 :

Back 142

1. restrictions (hunting, harvest, access)
2. control mortality factors (predator control)
3. preservation of lands
4. artificial replenishment

Front 143

Levels of management

Back 143

individual – wildlife rehab. endangered speciessingle species –
population management – emphasis on one species, WTD
ecosystem – community management – maintenance of ecological diversity, strategic habitat conservation, surrogate species
people management

Front 144

strategic habitat management

Back 144

“Since the sheer number of species for which the Service, states, and other partners work with makes designing and conserving landscape–scale habitats impractical on a species–by–species basis, we are now developing a process to collaboratively identify surrogate species representing other species or aspects of the species’ environment (e.g., water quality, sagebrush or grasslands, etc.).”

Front 145

Management – desired outcomes

Back 145

healthy permanent populations – healthy individuals
healthy habitat
wildlife and human needs in balance – minimize human impact
conditions which allow wildlife populations to tolerate human presence and recreational activities,hunting, watching, etc.

Front 146

steps in management 5

Back 146

1. baseline info on natural history and ecology of the species (population dynamics, habitat use, food habits)
2. population estimates and demographics (males:females:offspring)
3. survey and evaluation of important habitat components
4. evaluate recreational impacts – hunting harvest, disturbance from presence, camping, etc.
5. management actions – protections (from human impacts), supply limiting factors, habitat manipulation, people management

Front 147

Sustainable harvest of game species

Back 147

habitat manipulations – brush control, increase edge, prescribed fire, H2O
additive or compensatory mortalityherd/population health correction/control harvest
supplements – feed/planted

Front 148

Sustainable yield – WTD

Back 148

population surveys – size, reproduction, trends
habitat evaluation
estimate of carrying capacity
supplements
harvest management strategies to control populations and manage for desirable sex ratios, age structure, trophy characteristics
by state/federal agency and private landholders

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Introduction or restoration

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suitability of animal for introduction
legitimate source of animals
why was the species extirpated, is that issue still a problem?
habitat suitability and quality
protection – moratorium on hunting, establish conservation guidelines

Front 150

Determining the precise impact of humans is difficult due to:

Back 150

little baseline data
difficult to untangle the roles of humans and nature (global warming)
spatial and temporal distances between cause and effect
in ecosystem interactions – difficult to isolate individual components

Front 151

wildlife management and the tax man

Back 151

County tax assessor's dictate the appropriate level of ag use.Attempts to reduce ag use to favor wildlife generally met with failure
Proposition 11 (1995), House Bill 1358, voted into action by the general public allows wildlife management to qualify as a legitimate agricultural use, retaining its status as open space agricultural.

Front 152

ecology

Back 152

the branch of biology concerned with the relations between organisms and their environment

Front 153

biosphere

Back 153

part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere

Front 154

ecosystem

Back 154

living and nonliving things in an environment, together with their interactions

Front 155

species

Back 155

a group of organisms so similar to one another that they can breed and produce fertile offspring

Front 156

heterotrophs

Back 156

organisms that depend on other organisms for their food

Front 157

autotrophs

Back 157

organisms that use energy from sunlight or from chemical bonds in inorganic substances to make organic compounds

Front 158

producers

Back 158

organisms that make their own food

Front 159

consumers

Back 159

an organism that obtains energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains.

Front 160

herbivores

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an organism that eats only plants.

Front 161

carnivores

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organisms that eat only organisms other than plants

Front 162

omnivores

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an organism that eats both plants and animals.

Front 163

detritivore

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organism that feeds on plant and animal remains and other dead matter

Front 164

decomposer

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organism that breaks down and obtains energy from dead organic matter

Front 165

trophic level

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each step in a food chain or food web

Front 166

energy pyramid

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a diagram that shows the amount of energy that moves from one feeding level to another in a food web

Front 167

pyramid of biomass

Back 167

an ecological pyramid that represents a snapshot of the total mass of the living things at each trophic level in a community

Front 168

biomass

Back 168

the total mass of living matter in a given unit area

Front 169

niche

Back 169

(ecology) the status of an organism within its environment and community (affecting its survival as a species)

Front 170

competitive exclusion

Back 170

The elimination of one species by another as a result of competition

Front 171

herbivory

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interaction in which one animal (the herbivore) feeds on producers (such as plants)

Front 172

symbiosis

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the relation between two different species of organisms that are interdependent

Front 173

parasitism

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symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives in or on another organism (the host) and consequently harms it

Front 174

commensalism

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symbiotic relationship in which one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed

Front 175

mutualism

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symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship

Front 176

primary succession

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the series of changes that occur in an area where no soil or organisms exist

Front 177

secondary succession

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succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil

Front 178

climate

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the weather in some location averaged over some long period of time

Front 179

community

Back 179

All of the living things that inhabit a certain area

Front 180

biome

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A broad, regional type of ecosystem characterized by distinctive climate and soil conditions and a distinctive kind of biological community adapted to those conditions

Front 181

habitat

Back 181

Physical area in which an organism lives

Front 182

organism

Back 182

a living thing

Front 183

Law of Segregation

Back 183

Mendel's first law that says each gene has two alleles. Parents randomly give only one of their two alleles to the offspring. The offspring will have two alleles (one from each parent).

Front 184

Law of independent Assortment

Back 184

Mendel's second law that says that genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other. For example, inheriting a random trait for tallness will not affect the trait that the offspring inherits for hair color.

Front 185

Dominant

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An allele that is always expressed if present

Front 186

Recessive

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describes an allele that is covered over, or dominated, by another form of that trait and seems to disappear

Front 187

Alleles

Back 187

different forms of genes

Front 188

Gene

Back 188

sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait

Front 189

Genotype

Back 189

genetic makeup of an organism

Front 190

Phenotype

Back 190

physical characteristics of an organism

Front 191

Homozygous

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having two identical alleles for a trait

Front 192

Heterozygous

Back 192

having two different alleles for a trait

Front 193

Punnett Square

Back 193

a chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross

Front 194

Incomplete Dominance

Back 194

creates a blended or mixed phenotype; one allele is not completely dominant over the other. Ex. Red + White = Pink

Front 195

Codominance

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inheritance pattern in which a heterozygote expresses the distinct traits of both alleles. Ex. Puple + White = white Spots on purple background

Front 196

Polygenetic inheritance

Back 196

two or more genes contribute to the phenotypic expression of a single characteristic. Ex. AaBbCc is a phenotype for skin color

Front 197

mutation

Back 197

-heritable changes in genetic information

-changes in the nucleotide sequence on DNA

-two categories: gene and chromosomal

Front 198

gene mutations

Back 198

produce changes in a single gene

Front 199

point mutations

Back 199

-type of gene mutation

-involve a change in one or a few nucleotides because it occurs at a single point in a DNA sequence -one base changes

-types: substitutions, insertions, deletions

Front 200

substitution

Back 200

one base is changed to a different base, which may affect a single amino acid and have no effect at all

Front 201

insertions and deletions

Back 201

-one base is inserted or removed from the DNA sequence

-called frameshift mutations because they shift the the "reading frame" of the genetic message

Front 202

frameshift mutations

Back 202

-can change every amino acid that follows the point of mutation and can have dramatic effects on the organism

Front 203

chromosomal mutations

Back 203

-mutations that produce changes in whole chromosomes

-types: deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation

Front 204

genetics

Back 204

the study of heredity

Front 205

heredity

Back 205

the passing of traits from parents to offspring

Front 206

trait

Back 206

feature or quality in an organism

Front 207

gene

Back 207

-traits that are passed from generation to generation, can have different forms called alleles, ex. height can have two forms: tall and short

Front 208

law of dominance

Back 208

-in a cross of parents that're homozygous for different traits, only one form of the trait will appear in the next generation

Front 209

codominance

Back 209

an inheritance pattern where the alleles are neither dominant or recessive - both alleles are expressed in the offspring

Front 210

adaptive radiation (divergent evolution)

Back 210

process by which a single species or small group of species evolves into several different forms that live in different ways; rapid growth in the diversity of a group of organisms

Front 211

analogous structures

Back 211

is a trait or an organ that appears similar in two unrelated organisms

Front 212

anatomical homology

Back 212

similar body structures among different species from a common ancestor

Front 213

biogeography

Back 213

is the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time

Front 214

Charles Darwin

Back 214

was an English naturalist that established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors and proposed the scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection

Front 215

cladogram

Back 215

diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms

Front 216

common ancestry (common ancestor)

Back 216

a group of organisms share common descent if they have a common ancestor thus all living organisms on Earth are descended from a common ancestor.

Front 217

convergent evolution

Back 217

process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments

Front 218

decent with modification

Back 218

principle that each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time

Front 219

derived characteristics

Back 219

characteristic that appears in recent parts of a lineage, but not in its older members

Front 220

developmental homology

Back 220

similarities in the development of embryos between different species that share a common ancestor

Front 221

diversity vs. unity

Back 221

how different things are vs. how similar things are

Front 222

embryo

Back 222

organism in its early stage of development

Front 223

embryology

Back 223

the study of embryos

Front 224

evolution

Back 224

change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms (decent with modification)

Front 225

fossil record

Back 225

the geological record of organisms on earth that have been preserved in the rock in a chronological order (oldest on bottom layers and youngest on top layers)

Front 226

homologous structures

Back 226

structures that have different mature forms in different organisms but develop from the same embryonic tissues

Front 227

homology

Back 227

similar structure among different species from a common ancestor

Front 228

interbreed

Back 228

to be paired for reproducing, or mate, with a closely related individual

Front 229

molecular homology

Back 229

similar DNA (amino acid sequences) among different species from a common ancestor

Front 230

speciation

Back 230

formation of new species

Front 231

species

Back 231

group of similar organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring

Front 232

theory

Back 232

a well-tested, well-established, and highly reliable explanation, but may be subject to change as new areas of science and technologies are developed

Front 233

Theory of Evolution

Back 233

the best scientific explanation for both the unity and diversity of life; proposed by Charles Darwin

Front 234

vestigial structure

Back 234

a structure that an organism has that is no longer useful to it, but that they have this structure because a common ancestor to that organism found it useful (Ex: Hip bones in whales)

Front 235

extinction

Back 235

disappearance of a species from all parts of its geographical range

Front 236

gradualism

Back 236

when speciation occurs over long periods of time rather than by sudden major changes

Front 237

Law of Superposition

Back 237

a general law stating that in any sequence of sediments or rocks that has not been overturned, the youngest sediments or rocks are at the top of the sequence and the oldest are at the bottom

Front 238

punctuated equilibrium

Back 238

pattern of evolution in which long stable periods are interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change

Front 239

stasis

Back 239

the condition of the constant state of being of organism on earth

Front 240

directional selection

Back 240

a form of natural selection in which the entire curve moves; occurs when individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve

Front 241

disruptive selection

Back 241

a form of natural selection in which a single curve splits into two; occurs when individuals at the upper and lower ends of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle

Front 242

fitness

Back 242

ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment

Front 243

gene pool

Back 243

is the set of all genes, or genetic information, in any population, usually of a particular species.

Front 244

natural selection

Back 244

process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest

Front 245

polygenic trait

Back 245

trait controlled by two or more genes (ex: height of humans)

Front 246

relative allele frequency

Back 246

number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of times other alleles occur

Front 247

single-gene trait

Back 247

trait controlled by a single gene (ex: attached or unattached earlobes)

Front 248

stabilizing selection

Back 248

a form of natural selection by which the center of the curve remains in its current position; occurs when individuals near the center of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end

Front 249

survival of the fittest

Back 249

process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called natural selection

Front 250

differential reproductive success

Back 250

another way of saying "survival of the fittest"; some organisms will leave more young behind them, as they have an advantage, compared to organisms that do not have an advantage - therefore "differential"

Front 251

finite supply of resources

Back 251

limited environmental resources such as food or shelter

Front 252

inherited variations

Back 252

hereditary traits that can affect natural selection, and therefore affect the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce

Front 253

variations

Back 253

the differences within a species

Front 254

adaptation

Back 254

inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival

Front 255

adaptive radiation (divergent evolution)

Back 255

process by which a single species or small group of species evolves into several different forms that live in different ways; rapid growth in the diversity of a group of organisms

Front 256

behavioral isolation

Back 256

form of reproductive isolation in which two populations have differences in courtship rituals or other types of behavior that prevent them from interbreeding.

Front 257

convergent evolution

Back 257

process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments

Front 258

coevolution

Back 258

the evolution of two or more interdependent species, each adapting to changes in the other (Ex: between insects and the flowers that they pollinate)

Front 259

diversity

Back 259

the fact or quality of being diverse; difference

Front 260

diversity among species

Back 260

the differences between two or more species (1.7 million species on Earth discovered and named so far)

Front 261

diversity in species

Back 261

the differences in a single species (Ex: tall vs. short in humans)

Front 262

genetic equilibrium

Back 262

situation in which allele frequencies remain constant

Front 263

geographic isolation

Back 263

form of reproductive isolation in which two populations are separated physically by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or stretches of water

Front 264

inherited vs. acquired traits

Back 264

characteristics passed on via genetic material vs. characteristics that are NOT passed on genetically

Front 265

natural selection

Back 265

process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest

Front 266

migration

Back 266

ex: immagration is moving in and emigration is moving out

Front 267

natural resistance

Back 267

ex: bacterial resistance to antibiotics or insects resistant to pesticides/insecticides

Front 268

non-random mating

Back 268

mating that can cause evolution to occur because it causes the allele frequencies in the population to either increase or decrease (Ex: bird mating rituals)

Front 269

random mating

Back 269

mating that is associated with maintaining genetic equilibrium and therefore a lack of natural selection and speciation

Front 270

reproductive isolation

Back 270

the inability of a species to breed successfully with related species due to geographical, behavioral, physiological, or genetic barriers or differences

Front 271

temporal isolation

Back 271

form of reproductive isolation that occurs when members of two species occupy similar habitats, but breed at different times

Front 272

crossing over (gene shuffling)

Back 272

is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that results in recombinant chromosomes

Front 273

gene flow

Back 273

is the transfer of alleles or genes from one population to another

Front 274

gene pool

Back 274

is the set of all genes, or genetic information, in any population, usually of a particular species.

Front 275

genetic drift

Back 275

the process of change in the genetic composition of a population due to chance or random events rather than by natural selection, resulting in changes in allele frequencies over time

Front 276

bottleneck effect

Back 276

a type of genetic drift where there is a reduction of genetic diversity in a population that has just seen a significant reduction in size due to a random event such as a natural disaster

Front 277

genetic variation

Back 277

variation in alleles of genes, occurs both within and among populations; it provides the genetic material for natural selection; brought about by mutation and/or genetic recombination

Front 278

mutation

Back 278

a random change in the DNA that can possibly produce a beneficial effect and increase an organisms chance for reproductive success; and therefor passing on the mutated gene and producing variation in a species

Front 279

natural selection

Back 279

process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest

Front 280

organic molecule

Back 280

substances containing carbon found in living things; the four main classes are carbohydrates, proteins (chain of amino acids), lipids, and nucleic acids

Front 281

What is your conservation ethic?

Back 281

Personal response

Front 282

What are your career goals

Back 282

Personal response

Front 283

What does wildlife management mean to you?

Back 283

Personal response

Front 284

Aldo Leopold

Back 284

American author, scientist, ecologist, forester, conservationist, and environmentalist. He was a professor at the University of Wisconsin and is best known for his book A Sand County Almanac (1949), which has sold more than two million copies.Leopold was influential in the development of modern environmental ethics and in the movement for wilderness conservation. His ethics of nature and wildlife preservation had a profound impact on the environmental movement, with his ecocentric or holistic ethics regarding land.[1] He emphasized biodiversity and ecology and was a founder of the science of wildlife management.

Front 285

Theodore Roosevelt

Back 285

26th president. "conservation president" Roosevelt used his authority to protect wildlife and public lands by creating the United States Forest Service (USFS) and establishing 150 national forests, 51 federal bird reserves, 4 national game preserves, 5 national parks, and 18 national monuments by enabling the 1906 American Antiquities Act. Roosevelt created the present-day USFS in 1905, an organization within the Department of Agriculture.

Front 286

Lotka-Volterra

Back 286

composed of a pair of differential equationsthat describe predator-prey (or herbivore-plant, or parasitoid-host) dynamicsin their simplest case (one predator population, one prey population). it is characterized by oscillations in the population size of both predatorand prey, with the peak of the predator's oscillation lagging slightly behindthe peak of the prey's oscillation.

Front 287

Lotka-Volterra Equation

Back 287

x is the number of prey (for example, rabbits);

y is the number of some predator (for example, foxes);

and represent the growth rates of the two populations over time;

t represents time; and α, β, γ, δ are positive real parameters describing the interaction of the two species.

Front 288

Measures of Variability

Back 288

The spread of a set of data

Hint 288

https://o.quizlet.com/CNuCYuUe-Ebza10HsvdnOA_m.png

Front 289

Statistics

Back 289

The study of data; how to collect, summarize, and present data observations.

Hint 289

https://o.quizlet.com/.g4POCEUO3Quy7uqOaOhkg_m.jpg

Front 290

Population

Back 290

a group of objects or people about which information is wanted

Hint 290

https://o.quizlet.com/C5d-nb2M8sIzH8MghYjjSA_m.png

Front 291

P-value

Back 291

The P-value (in this situation) is the probability to the right of our test statistic calculated using the null distribution. The further out the test statistic is in the tail, the smaller the P-value, and the stronger the evidence against the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative.

Front 292

A statistical model

Back 292

embodies a set of assumptions concerning the generation of the observed data, and similar data from a larger population. A model represents, often in considerably idealized form, the data-generating process.

allows for predictions

Front 293

What was the ecological/management question to be answered?

Back 293

Personal Study

Front 294

CSL home range

Back 294

660m2 for males, 590m2 for females

Front 295

CSL habitat

Back 295

boulders, canyons, and rocky outcrops in arid and semi-arid environments

Front 296

CSL North America Distribution

Back 296

balcones escarpment through the edwards plateau westward throught the trans-pecos region into souther New Mexico and southward into Mexico

Front 297

Autecology

Back 297

the ecological study of an individual organism, or sometimes a particular species.

Front 298

A land ethic

Back 298

a philosophy or theoretical framework about how, ethically, humans should regard the land. The term was coined by Aldo Leopold (1887–1948) in his A Sand County Almanac (1949), a classic text of the environmental movement. There he argues that there is a critical need for a "new ethic," an "ethic dealing with human's relation to land and to the animals and plants which grow upon it".[1] Leopold offers an ecologically-based land ethic that rejects strictly human-centered views of the environment and focuses on the preservation of healthy, self-renewing ecosystems. A Sand County Almanac was the first systematic presentation of a holistic or ecocentric approach to the environment.

Front 299

Aldo's land ethic claims ... (4)

Back 299

the land ethics claims (1) that humans should view themselves as plain members and citizens of biotic communities, not as "conquerors" of the land; (2) that we should extend ethical consideration to ecological wholes ("soils, waters, plants, and animals"), (3) that our primary ethical concern should not be with individual plants or animals, but with the healthy functioning of whole biotic communities, and (4) that the "summary moral maxim" of ecological ethics is that we should seek to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community.

Front 300

The conservation ethic is...

Back 300

an ethic of resource use, allocation, exploitation, and protection. Its primary focus is upon maintaining the health of the natural world: its forests, fisheries, habitats, and biological diversity.

Front 301

hypothesis

Back 301

a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.

Front 302

Lotka-Volterra Assumptions (3)

Back 302

1) the prey populationwill grow exponentially when the predator is absent;

2) the predator populationwill starve in the absence of the prey population (as opposed to switching toanother type of prey);

3) predators can consume infinite quantities of prey;and 4) there is no environmental complexity (in other words, both populationsare moving randomly through a homogeneous environment).

Front 303

Lotka-Volterra variables

Back 303

P number of predators or consumers

N number of prey or biomass of plants

t Time r growth rate of prey

a' searching efficiency/attack rate

q predator or consumer mortality rate

c predator or consumer efficiency at turning food into offspring (conversion efficiency)

Front 304

P-value

Back 304

a measure of the strength of our evidence against the null hypothesis. The probability of getting the observed value of the test statistic if the null hypothesis were true.

Front 305

t-test

Back 305

used to determine whether the population means differ

Front 306

chi-square

Back 306

relating to or denoting a statistical method assessing the goodness of fit between observed values and those expected theoretically.

Front 307

Ecology (Krebs)

Back 307

The study of the interactions that determine distribution and abundance

Front 308

Why did you choose a site separation of 15m?

Back 308

15m was a distance used in previous studies of saxicolous lizards. I also used an average male home range estimate of 660m2 (from ridenour 2002). the radius of a circle with this area is 14.49m.