Teas Version V Science Review Ati Book

Front 1

define quantitative

Back 1

numerical

Front 2

define hypothesis

Back 2

explanation or educated guess to answer a question

Front 3

steps of forming a hypothesis

Back 3

1) identifying the problem
2) ask questions
3) formulate hypothesis

Front 4

list the six parts of a scientific argument

Back 4

1) problem identification
2) asking questions
3) hypothesis development
4) data collection
5) analysis
6) conclusion

Front 5

four main steps of data collection

Back 5

1) observation
2) measurement
3) samples
4) organization

Front 6

define deductive reasoning

Back 6

a method used where conclusions can be drawn from general principles

Front 7

define inductive reasoning

Back 7

a method where you form general principles from specific facts

Front 8

define anatomy

Back 8

study of the structure of organs and body systems

Front 9

define physiology

Back 9

the study of the function of the organs and body systems

Front 10

Hierarchy of the structure of the human body from largest to smalles

Back 10

1. organism
2. organ systems
3. organs
4. tissues
5. cells
6. molecules
7. atoms

Front 11

atom

Back 11

smallest unit of the body that retains all the original properties of the element

Front 12

molecule

Back 12

chemical bonding of atoms that posses their own characteristics independent of the atoms themselves

Front 13

cells

Back 13

the basic unit of life

Front 14

tissues

Back 14

cells combine in terms of function

Front 15

organ

Back 15

two or more tissue types work together to perform a certain function

Front 16

organ system

Back 16

when organs work together to perform a specific function

Front 17

organism

Back 17

highest level of organization

Front 18

four types of tissues in humans

Back 18

1. epithelial
2. connective
3. muscular
4. nervous

Front 19

function of epithelial tissue

Back 19

provide covering (skin) or produce secretions (glands)

Front 20

where does epithelial tissue get its nourishment

Back 20

it doesn't have its own blood supply, it depends on diffusion of nutrients from the tissues below. if it receives enough nutrients, epithelial tissue can regenerate easily

Front 21

how is epithelial tissue classified

Back 21

by cell shape and number of cell layers

Front 22

list the types of epithelial tissues

Back 22

simple epithelial
stratified epithelial

Front 23

simple epithelial tissue

Back 23

one layer thick and found where secretion, absorption, and filtration occur

Front 24

stratified epithelial tissue

Back 24

more than one layer of cells and serves as protection

Front 25

shapes of epithelial tissues cells

Back 25

squamous, cuboidal, and columnar

Front 26

connective tissue

Back 26

serves to connect different structures of the body and has its own blood supply (except for ligaments)

Front 27

types of connective tissue

Back 27

bone, cartilage, adipose, and blood vessels

Front 28

muscle tissue

Back 28

produces movement

Front 29

types of muscle tissue

Back 29

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

Front 30

skeletal muscle

Back 30

supports voluntary movement

Front 31

smooth muscle

Back 31

under involuntary movement (cannot be consciously controlled)

Front 32

where is smooth muscle found

Back 32

in the walls of hollow organs (intestines, blood vessels, bladder, and uterus)

Front 33

cardiac muscle

Back 33

only found in the heart and is involuntary

Front 34

nervous tissue

Back 34

provides the structure for the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Front 35

name the 11 organ systems

Back 35

1. circulatory
2. respiratory
3. endocrine
4. lymphatic
5. integumentary
6. skeletal
7. muscular
8. nervous
9. digestive
10. urinary
11. reproductive

Front 36

circulatory system

Back 36

aka cardiovascular system
-consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood
-supports the circulation and distribution of various substances throughout the body (O2, hormones, and nutrients)

Front 37

digestive system

Back 37

- consists of all the organs from the mouth to the anus that are involved in the breakdown of food (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus)
- also consists of liver and pancreas
-makes enzymes which break down food, expels waste, absorption of nutrients, and produces bile to break down fat.

Front 38

endocrine system

Back 38

-consists of pineal, pituitary, thalamus, hypothalamus, thyroid, thymus, and adrenal glands, pancreas, testis, and ovaries
- produces hormones

Front 39

Integumentary systems

Back 39

-consists of skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nails
-serves to protect, homeostasis, waterproofs body, barrier to pathogens

Front 40

lymphatic system

Back 40

-consists of lymph nodes, lymph vessels, spleen, thymus, and tonsils.
- supports the immune system with transportation of white blood cells as well as returning fluids that have leaked from blood vessels

Front 41

muscular system

Back 41

- consists of skeletal muscles, tendons, and ligaments

Front 42

nervous system

Back 42

-consists of brain, spinal cord, and nerves
-serves as the body's control system

Front 43

reproductive system

Back 43

-consists of vagina, penis, testes, ovaries, and breasts
- main purpose is to produce offspring

Front 44

respiratory system

Back 44

-consists of nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
-keeps the body supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

Front 45

skeletal system

Back 45

-consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints
-provides support and protection for the body

Front 46

urinary system

Back 46

- urinary bladder, ureter, urethra, kidneys
-helps maintain water and electrolyte balance, regulates acid-base balance of blood, and removes nitrogen-containing waste

Front 47

superior

Back 47

toward the upper end of the body

Front 48

inferior

Back 48

toward the lower end of the body

Front 49

anterior

Back 49

toward the front of the body

Front 50

posterior

Back 50

toward the back of the body

Front 51

medial

Back 51

toward the middle of the body

Front 52

lateral

Back 52

toward the outer side of the body

Front 53

intermediate

Back 53

between medial and lateral

Front 54

proximal

Back 54

toward the trunk of the body

Front 55

distal

Back 55

away from the trunk of the body or point of attachment

Front 56

superficial

Back 56

toward or at the body surface

Front 57

deep

Back 57

away from or below the body surface

Front 58

tranverse section

Back 58

cut made alone a horizontal place to divide the body into upper and lower halves

Front 59

sagittal section

Back 59

cut made alone a longitudinal place dividing the body into left and right

Front 60

midsaggital section

Back 60

sagittal section made down the median of the body

Front 61

frontal section

Back 61

cut made along a longitudinal plane that divides the body into front and back

Front 62

dorsal body cavity

Back 62

contains the cranial cavity and spinal column

Front 63

ventral body cavity

Back 63

contains all the structures within the chest and abdomen
divided by the diaphragm

Front 64

thoracic cavity

Back 64

superior to the diaphragm

Front 65

abdominopelvic cavity

Back 65

inferior to the diaphragm and can be divided into the abdominal and pelvic cavities

Front 66

name the 8 functions of the human body

Back 66

adaptation
circulation
elimination
locomotion
nutrition
oxygenation
regulation
self-duplication

Front 67

ways in which the organ systems interact

Back 67

1. maintaining boundaries
2. responding to environmental stimuli and changes
3. moving
4. ingestion an digestion
5. reproducing
6. growing
7. excreting
8. metabolizing

Front 68

heart

Back 68

contracts and pumps blood throughout the body

Front 69

arteries

Back 69

blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart

Front 70

veins

Back 70

blood vessels that transport blood to the heart

Front 71

capillaries

Back 71

tiny blood vessels that transport blood from arteries to veins within the body as well as serve as the location for the exchange of oxygen, co2, fluid, and nutrients.

Front 72

4 chambers of the heart

Back 72

left and right atria and left and right ventricles

Front 73

4 valves of the heart

Back 73

valves prevent the back flow of blood
-pulmonary and tricuspid on right
-mitral and aortic on left

Front 74

Trace the path of blood

Back 74

enter hear through inferior and superior vena cava -->right atrium during contraction goes through tricuspid --> into right ventricle -->pulmonary valve into pulmonary artery --> lungs --> gets o2 --> pulmonary veins --> left atrium --> mitral valve --> left ventricle --> contraction forces it through aortic valve --> aorta --> body

Front 75

Primary focus of the lungs

Back 75

breathing in oxygen and exhaling co2

Front 76

Trace the path of air from the nasal or oral cavity

Back 76

Nose-->trachea-->right and left bronchial tubes-->alveoli

Front 77

alveoli

Back 77

air sacs that are surrounded by capillaries and allow o2 in and co2 out

Front 78

diaphragm

Back 78

pulls air in during inspiration (contracting)
and pushes co2 out during expiration (relaxing)

Front 79

Nervous system contains

Back 79

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

Front 80

CNS

Back 80

brain and spinal cord

Front 81

PNS

Back 81

cranial nerves and spinal nerves that extend beyond the CNS

Front 82

PNS divisions

Back 82

autonomic nervous system
sensory somatic system

Front 83

autonomic nervous system

Back 83

controls automatic body functions

Front 84

autonomic nervous system divisions

Back 84

sympathetic nerves and parasympathetic nerves

Front 85

sympathetic nerves

Back 85

active when a person is excited or scared

Front 86

parasympathetic nerves

Back 86

active when a person is eating or at rest

Front 87

sensory somatic nervous system

Back 87

12 pairs of cranial nerves and associated ganglia

Front 88

dendrites

Back 88

part of nerve cells that receives the stimuli and brings them to the neurons

Front 89

neurons

Back 89

specialized cells that transmit messages

Front 90

axon

Back 90

connects neurons

Front 91

synapse

Back 91

gap between two neurons (axons span these gaps)

Front 92

how fast do neurotransmitters travel

Back 92

90 meters per second

Front 93

three main functions of nervous system

Back 93

provide sensory, motor, and integrative functions with the body

Front 94

What is the name of the tube running from the mouth to anus

Back 94

alimentary canal

Front 95

parts of the small intestine

Back 95

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

Front 96

accessory structures of the digestive system

Back 96

teeth, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder

Front 97

peristalsis

Back 97

rhythmic contractions that occur in the gastrointestinal tract that propels food towards the colon and anus

Front 98

enzymes

Back 98

chemicals that break down proteins, carbs, and fats

Front 99

salivary amylase

Back 99

enzyme from parotid salivary gland that begins the chemical digestion of carbs

Front 100

protease

Back 100

enzyme released in stomach to digest food

Front 101

chyme

Back 101

the mixture of food, chemicals, and enzymes in stomach

Front 102

pyloric sphincter

Back 102

located between stomach and duodenum allows chyme to enter the small intestine

Front 103

duodenum

Back 103

first section of the small intestine, releases secretin and CCK (cholecystokinin)

Front 104

secretin

Back 104

goes to pancreas to trigger the release of bicarbonate which neutralizes the stomach acid entering the SI

Front 105

cholecystokinin

Back 105

triggers the release of bile

Front 106

villi and microvilli of small intestine

Back 106

increase surface area to increase the amount of absorption possible

Front 107

immune system division

Back 107

innate (nonspecific)
adaptive (specific)

Front 108

innate defenses

Back 108

nonspecific type, mechanisms occur the same way no matter what the circumstances
chemical or physical barriers (skin, mucous membranes, and digestive enzymes)

Front 109

innate second line of defense

Back 109

-fever
-inflammation
- phagocytosis
-natural killer cells
-interferons
-chemotaxis
-release of cytokines

Front 110

adaptive response (third line defense)

Back 110

specific defenses- humoral or antibody-mediate and cell-mediated responses

Front 111

anitbody-mediated response

Back 111

antibodies that are specific to the antigen are produced

Front 112

active immunity

Back 112

occurs with vaccines when antigen is purposely put in body so that body can produce specific antibodies to protect that body from antigen later on

Front 113

passive immunity

Back 113

antibodies are passed on, not produced by the individual like babies through breast milk

Front 114

cell-mediated immunity

Back 114

t cells are responsible for recognizing nonself cells and in a three step process the nonself cells are destroyed

Front 115

cytokines

Back 115

chemical messengers that are released by damaged tissues

Front 116

crude death rate

Back 116

defined by the number of birth per 1000 people per year

Front 117

crude death rate

Back 117

number of deaths per 1000 people each year

Front 118

8 levels of taxonomy

Back 118

domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

Front 119

kingdoms

Back 119

animalia
fungi
platnae
protista
archaebacteria
eucbacteria

Front 120

charles darwin

Back 120

first to study and write about species adaption

Front 121

natural selection

Back 121

occurs when some individuals of a species are better able to survive in their environment and reproduce than others.

Front 122

genes

Back 122

DNA that provides information for an organisms characteristics and are responsible for heredity

Front 123

mutations

Back 123

changes in the DNA that affect the way the gene functions

Front 124

adaption

Back 124

occurs through mutation and allele combinations which allows an organism to better survive and adapt to their environment

Front 125

adaptation is the end result of

Back 125

natural selection

Front 126

DNA and RNA are

Back 126

nucleic acids

Front 127

job of nucleic acids

Back 127

store and transmit hereditary info

Front 128

nucleotides

Back 128

made up of a pentose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

Front 129

pentose

Back 129

type of sugar

Front 130

phosphate group

Back 130

a molecule in the backbone of DNA and RNA that links adjoining bases together

Front 131

nitrogenous base

Back 131

encodes the genetic information in cells

Front 132

five types of nitrogenous bases

Back 132

adenine
cytosine
guanine
thymine
uracil

Front 133

DNA's double helix is formed by what kind of bonds

Back 133

hydrogen bonds

Front 134

adenine and guanine are classified as

Back 134

purines

Front 135

cytosine and thymine are classified as

Back 135

pyrimidines

Front 136

RNA structure

Back 136

single strand of nucleotides

Front 137

Pentose component of DNA

Back 137

deoxyribose

Front 138

pentose component of RNA

Back 138

ribose

Front 139

what elements are found in both nucleic acids

Back 139

H, O, N, C, P

Front 140

DNA is the _____ and RNA is the ____

Back 140

genetic blueprint of the cell
messenger within the cell

Front 141

transcription

Back 141

cells copy instructions in the DNA into RNA and send the messenger RNA to the ribosomes

Front 142

translation

Back 142

proteins are made by the ribosomes and sent out to the entire cell

Front 143

prokaryotic cells

Back 143

most basic type of cells that can exist independently of other cells

Front 144

prokaryotic cells contain

Back 144

cell wall
cytoplasm
organelles
nucleoid
plasmids
ribosomes
flagella

Front 145

cell wall

Back 145

outside, rigid layer

Front 146

cytoplasm

Back 146

protein fluid that houses organelles

Front 147

organelles

Back 147

tiny organs

Front 148

nucleoid

Back 148

condensed DNA of the cell

Front 149

plasmids

Back 149

small circular portions of DNA not associated with the nucleoid

Front 150

Ribosomes

Back 150

manufacture proteins from mRNA

Front 151

flagella

Back 151

allow for cellular movement

Front 152

eukaryotic cells

Back 152

more complex than prokaryotic cells, can live as single cells but usually exist as a large organism

Front 153

eukaryotic cell outer membrane

Back 153

semipermeable plasma membrane

Front 154

eukaryotic cells contain

Back 154

plasma membrane
cytoplasm
ribosomes
edoplasmic reticulum
golgi apparatus
vesicles
lysosome
peroxisome
mitochondria
ATP
cristae
microtubules
centrosomes
nucleus
nucleolus

Front 155

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 155

transport network within the cell (flattened membranous sacs)
Rough ER- lots of ribosomes making it look rough
Smooth ER- important for metabolic processes of the cell

Front 156

secretion

Back 156

moving proteins from the inside to the outside of the cell (ER is responsible for this)

Front 157

golgi apparatus

Back 157

involved in packaging and transporting proteins

Front 158

vesicles

Back 158

membrane-bound sacs that are used to transport proteins or other substances out of the cell

Front 159

types of vesicles

Back 159

vacuole
lysosomes
peroxisomes

Front 160

lysosome

Back 160

contains digestive enzymes that get rid of cellular debris and worn parts

Front 161

vacuole

Back 161

basic storage unit of the cell

Front 162

peroxisomes

Back 162

rude the body of toxic components (mostly live in the liver)

Front 163

mitochondria

Back 163

powerhouse of the cell, where ATP is produced

Front 164

ATP

Back 164

adenosine triphosphate

Front 165

folds of membrane of mitochondria

Back 165

cristae

Front 166

microtubules

Back 166

form the mitotic spindle during mitosis

Front 167

centrosomes

Back 167

microtubule-organizing centers that help form the mitotic spindle during mitosis

Front 168

nucleus

Back 168

enclosed in a double membrane with pores which serves as the control center of the entire cell because it contains all the genetic material

Front 169

nucleolus

Back 169

small body within the nucleus which produces ribosomes

Front 170

chloroplasts

Back 170

organells that contain chlorophyll

Front 171

chlorophyll

Back 171

captures sunlight to be used for the production of glucose during photosynthesis

Front 172

plant cells need both

Back 172

chloroplasts and mitochondria

Front 173

plants have much larger

Back 173

vacuoles (containing water)

Front 174

cell wall of plants

Back 174

is solid

Front 175

chromosomes

Back 175

contains sections called genes which specifies the production of proteins

Front 176

chromosomes consist of subunits called ____
and genes consist of ___

Back 176

genes
DNA

Front 177

Process of translating code on DNA into protein-

Back 177

DNA is turned into RNA in the nucleus and transported to ribosomes, at the ribosomes the RNA code is changes into an amino-acid

Front 178

a chain of amino acids turns into

Back 178

protein

Front 179

in the cell, information flows from

Back 179

DNA-->RNA-->Proteins

Front 180

embryo

Back 180

an animal or plant in the early stages of development after fertilization

Front 181

zygote

Back 181

fertilized egg

Front 182

gastrulation

Back 182

development of individual tissue layer

Front 183

differentiation

Back 183

produces a more-specialized cell from a less specialized cell

Front 184

stem cells

Back 184

undifferentiated cells

Front 185

three types of stem cells

Back 185

totipotent
pluripotent
multipotent

Front 186

Mitosis

Back 186

the process of cell duplication in which two daughter cell receive exactly the same nuclear material as the original cell

Front 187

synthesis of new DNA occurs in the

Back 187

S (synthesis) phase

Front 188

G1 and G2

Back 188

gape periods before and after the S phase

Front 189

What happens during the gap periods

Back 189

cells DNA is available for transcription into RNA

Front 190

G1, G2, and S

Back 190

interphase

Front 191

G1

Back 191

DNA helix opens up and RNA bases pair with their compliments, once the gene is copied into mRNA, the DNA closes and the mRNA exits the nucleus and goes to the ribosomes

Front 192

S phase

Back 192

DNA helix opens of and breaks H+ bonds between compliments allowing DNA polymerase to synthesize new compliments to bond creating two new strands of DNA where there was only one before

Front 193

G2

Back 193

continued protein synthesis and cell growth

Front 194

gametes

Back 194

cells that form a new organism via sexual reproduction

Front 195

meiosis

Back 195

process by which gametes reproduce reduce their DNA content

Front 196

diploid

Back 196

two sets of chromosomes (all cells but gametes)

Front 197

haploid

Back 197

single set of chromosomes (gamete cells)

Front 198

homologous chromosome

Back 198

twin chromosome in diploid cells that are identical in size, function, and gene

Front 199

S phase of mitosis

Back 199

chromosomes duplicate and form sister chromatids

Front 200

during metaphase of mitosis

Back 200

chromosomes and sister chromatids line up on a metaphase plate down the middle of the nucleus and spindle fibers form between the centrosomes and chromatids.
each sister chromatid moves toward an opposite centrosome

Front 201

cytokinesis

Back 201

separating the two sets of chromosomes into different cells

Front 202

Mitosis prophase

Back 202

the spindle fibers form and centrioles moves to opposite sides of the cell

Front 203

mitosis metaphase

Back 203

the chromosomes align midway along spindle fibers

Front 204

mitosis anaphase

Back 204

chromosomes begin to separate from their daughter cells and cytokinesis begins

Front 205

mitosis telophase

Back 205

cytokinesis completes

Front 206

meiosis prophase 1

Back 206

homologous chromosomes condense and link allowing crossing over to occur

Front 207

meiosis metaphase 1

Back 207

homologous chromosomes move to metaphase plate

Front 208

meiosis anaphase 1

Back 208

homologous chromosomes separate but sister chromatids stay together

Front 209

meiosis telophase 1

Back 209

cytokenis has occured and two haploid cells are the result

Front 210

meiosis prophase 2

Back 210

spindle fibers reappear and centrioles move to opposite poles

Front 211

meiosis metaphase 2

Back 211

sister chromatids align at new metaphase plate

Front 212

meiosis anaphase 2

Back 212

sister chromatids separate again

Front 213

meiosis telophase 2

Back 213

four haploid cells result after cytokinesis

Front 214

photosynthesis

Back 214

energy from sunlight is trapped by chlophyll and used for synthesis of glucose

Front 215

who performs photosynthesis

Back 215

green plants, green algae, and certain bacteria

Front 216

autotroph

Back 216

organism that is able to produce its own food

Front 217

chemical equation for photosynthesis

Back 217

6CO2+6H2O+energy --> C6H12O6 +6O2

Front 218

difference between photosynthesis and cellular respiration

Back 218

cellular respiration uses end product of photosynthesis to produce ATP for cells

Front 219

glycolysis

Back 219

process of cellular respiration which breaks down glucose and the end products are fed into the Krebs Cycle to make more ATP

Front 220

what constitutes cellular respiration

Back 220

glycolysis and cellular respiration

Front 221

chemical equation of cellular respiration

Back 221

C6H1202 + 6CO2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

Front 222

codon

Back 222

coded information contained by genes that control heredity of particular traits

Front 223

there are ___ codons

Back 223

64

Front 224

each codon matches to a specific

Back 224

amino acid (there are 20)

Front 225

proteins are

Back 225

the workhorse of the cell and one gene matches one protein

Front 226

proteins are responsible for

Back 226

expression of gene trait

Front 227

genome

Back 227

complete set of DNA for an individual that contains all genes

Front 228

mutation

Back 228

errors during DNA replication or mutagen

Front 229

mismatch repair

Back 229

repairs mismatching my removing the incorrect base a replacing it with the proper one

Front 230

excision pair

Back 230

mechanism that insepct DNA for damage caused by mutagens (like chemicals or UV lights) and removes the entire strand that is defective and allowed DNA polymerase to replace the DNA

Front 231

how are mutations passed on

Back 231

only if the mutation occur in the germ cells (reproductive cells that give rise to sperm and ovum)

Front 232

phenotype

Back 232

physical expression of genetic traits

Front 233

genotype

Back 233

organisms underlying genetic makeup or code

Front 234

genetics

Back 234

the study of heredity or how traits are passed on from parent to offspring

Front 235

alleles

Back 235

alternative forms of a gene

Front 236

homozygous

Back 236

two of the same alleles for a trait

Front 237

heterozygous

Back 237

different alleles for a trait

Front 238

electromagnetic waves

Back 238

waves of radiation that are characterized by electric and magnetic fields

Front 239

7 forms of electromagnetic radiation from short to long wavelengths

Back 239

gamma ray
xray
ultraviolet
visible
infrared
microwave
radio waves

Front 240

work

Back 240

the result of change in energy

Front 241

units of measure for work

Back 241

joules or calories

Front 242

kinetic energy

Back 242

energy of motion

Front 243

potential energy

Back 243

stored energy

Front 244

law of conservation of energy

Back 244

energy is not lost but rather transferred back and forth between KE and PE

Front 245

matter

Back 245

anything that takes up space and has mass

Front 246

mass

Back 246

quantity of matter an object has

Front 247

elements

Back 247

substances that cant be broken down into simpler types

Front 248

atom

Back 248

smallest part of an element

Front 249

protons

Back 249

positively charged subatomic particles found in the nucleus

Front 250

atomic number

Back 250

determined be the number of protons in the nucleus

Front 251

neutrons

Back 251

neutral subatomic particles that are also found in the nucleus

Front 252

electrons

Back 252

negatively charged subatomic particles found in orbital shells around the nucleus

Front 253

ion

Back 253

charged atom

Front 254

mass number

Back 254

made up of the number of protons and neutrons

Front 255

atomic mass

Back 255

the average mass of all the known isotopes of an element

Front 256

isotope

Back 256

atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

Front 257

catalysts

Back 257

control the rate of chemical reactions

Front 258

substrate

Back 258

molecular surface area acted upon by an enzyme

Front 259

catalysts increase reaction rates by

Back 259

lowering activation energy

Front 260

row or period of periodic table

Back 260

arranged by number of orbital shells

Front 261

valence electrons

Back 261

electrons in the outermost shell of an atom

Front 262

ionization energy

Back 262

increases from left to right and decreases going down, it is the energy required to remove an electron

Front 263

electronegativity

Back 263

measure of an atom's attraction on elements in a chemical bond

Front 264

chemical bonding

Back 264

the chemical merging of atoms due to their electron arrangments

Front 265

alkali family

Back 265

first column

Front 266

alkali earth family

Back 266

second column

Front 267

halogens

Back 267

7th column

Front 268

noble gases

Back 268

8th column

Front 269

globular proteins

Back 269

water soluble proteins

Front 270

pH value

Back 270

a measurement of hydrogen ion concentration within a solution

Front 271

metabolic pathways

Back 271

chemical reactions within a cell

Front 272

enzymes are

Back 272

highly selective

Front 273

applications of enzymes reactions

Back 273

food processing
brewing
manufacturing

Front 274

acidic solutions

Back 274

solutions with a pH value of less than 7

Front 275

basic solutions

Back 275

solutions with a pH of greater than 7

Front 276

ionic bond

Back 276

the electrical attraction between ions of opposite charges

Front 277

covalent bond

Back 277

sharing of electrons

Front 278

hyrdocarbons

Back 278

methane, propane, and butane

Front 279

hydrocarbones are divided into

Back 279

saturated and unsaturated

Front 280

alkanes

Back 280

saturated hydrocarbons that are composed of single bonds and are completely saturated with H+

Front 281

saturated

Back 281

carbon is completely connected

Front 282

unsaturated hydrocarbons

Back 282

have one or more double or triple bonds between carbon atoms

Front 283

alkenes

Back 283

one double bond

Front 284

alkynes

Back 284

triple bonds

Front 285

metalloids

Back 285

elements that may accept or donate electrons readily and posses a mixture of metallic and nonmetallic properties

Front 286

cation

Back 286

positive ion

Front 287

metallic ions tend to be

Back 287

cations

Front 288

anion

Back 288

negative ion

Front 289

nonmetallic ions tend to be

Back 289

anions

Front 290

ionic bonds typically occur between

Back 290

metal and nonmetal

Front 291

covalent bonds typically occur between

Back 291

elements on the same side of the table

Front 292

oxidation

Back 292

involves ELECTRON DONATION by chemical group that leaves that group with one less electron and a more positive charge

Front 293

reduction

Back 293

involves ELECTRON ACCEPTANCE by a chemical that produces a more negative charge on the group.

Front 294

examles of redox reactions

Back 294

combustion
photosynthesis
metabolism

Front 295

water is considered what type of molecule?

Back 295

polar molecule of O and H (O is more electronegative)

Front 296

polar molecule

Back 296

contains both positive and negative atomic structures

Front 297

specific heat

Back 297

the energy required to raise one unit of mass of a substance 1 degree C

Front 298

heat of vaoprization

Back 298

the amount of heat necessary to cause a phase change between liquid and gas

Front 299

water is a universal

Back 299

solvent

Front 300

latent heat

Back 300

energy needed to cause a phase change at a fixed temp

Front 301

Define: Phase Transition

Back 301

Alteration of the physical state between a solid, liquid, and gas.