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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hypothesis (Scientific Method)
(definition and steps) |
explanation formulated to answer a question being asked or investigated
Step 1: Identify the problem Step 2: Ask questions Step 3: Formulate a hypothesis - make predictions, avoid elements which could be erroneously interpreted |
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Data Collection (Scientific Method)
(definition and steps) |
gathering of data to answer original question and perhaps to create new questions
Step 1: Observation Step 2: Measurement Step 3: Samples - representative population Step 4: Organization - perhaps including tables and charts |
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Experimentation (Scientific Method)
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Comparing control and experimental group (different by one variable)
Methods must be adequately and thoroughly described to avoid misunderstandings |
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Analysis (Scientific Method)
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Determine whether or not the data is reliable
Whether or not it supports the hypothesis |
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Conclusion (Scientific Method)
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Final step- purpose of the scientific method/process
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Deductive Reasoning
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conclusions following from general principles
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Inductive Reasoning
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method of arriving at general principles from specific facts
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Anatomy
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study of the structure of the body systems
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Physiology
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study of the function of the organs and body systems
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Hierarchial structure of the human body
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Atoms
Molecules Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organism |
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Epithelial tissue (functions and classification)
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provides covering - i.e., skin
produces secretions - i.e., glandular tissue classified by number of cell layers and cell shape cell layers: simple or stratified shape: squamous, cuboidal, and columnar |
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Epithelial tissue (shapes)
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squamous
cuboidal columnar |
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Epithelial tissue (cell layers)
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Simple - one layer of cells - found in body structures where absorption, secretion and filtration occur
Stratified - epithelium more than one layer - protection |
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Connective tissue (where and types?)
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throughout the body
bone, cartilage, adipose, and blood vessel |
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Muscle tissue (function and types)
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function - movement
types - skeletal, smooth, cardiac |
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Muscle tissue (where?)
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skeletal - attached to bone - voluntary movement
smooth - involuntary - walls of hollow organs (intestines, uterus, blood vessels, bladder) |
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Nervous tissue (where?)
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brain, spinal cord, nerves
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Nervous tissue (nerves - purpose, what protects them)
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made of specialized cells called neurons that send electrical impulses throughout the body
myelin protects |
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Circulatory system (organs?, function)
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heart,
blood vessels - arteries, veins, arterioles blood supports circulation and distribution of various substances throughout the body - oxygen, nutrients, hormones |
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Circulatory system (relationships)
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endocrine system - hormones influence blood pressure
urinary - regulates blood volume and pressure nervous system - controls blood pressure, heart rate, and distribution of blood estrogen helps to preserve vascular health integumentary - allows heat to escape - dilating blood vessels blood cells are formed in the marrow of the skeletal system |
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Digestive system (organs from start to finish :) )
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mouth/teeth - begins breakdown of food, saliva contains enzymes
esophagus - transports food from mouth to stomach stomach - small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) - absorption of nutrients large intestines rectum anus |
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Endocrine system (function)
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controls body functions
glands secrete hormones to regulate body processes |
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Endocrine system (organs)
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pineal, pituitary, thalamus, hypothalamus, thryroid, thymus and adrenal glands
- regulate growth, metabolism pancreas, testis, ovaries also have endocrine functions |
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Endocrine system (related systems)
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lymphatic system - transport for some hormones
muscular system - provides protection for some endocrine glands nervous system - controls the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland |
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Integumentary system (organs)
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skin, mucous membranes, hair, nails
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Integumentary system (function)
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protects internal tissues from damage, waterproofs the body, aids in temperature regulation
also serves as a barrier to pathogens |
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Integumentary system (related systems)
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respiratory and digestive - provide oxygen and nutrients
circulatory - nutrients and oxygen transported to integumentary system lymphatic system - picks up excess fluid from the skin to avoid swelling skeletal system - provides shape and support endocrine - hormones regulate hair growth and hydration skin protects internal organs muscular system - generates heat which the skin expels urinary system - activates vitamin D nervous system - regulates the production of sweat, interprets stimuli, adjusts diameter of blood vessels in the skin |
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Lymphatic system (organs)
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lymph nodes, lymph vessels (carry lymph), spleen, thymus, tonsils (lymphoid tissue)
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Lymph vessels (function)
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carry lymph - clear fluid rich in antibodies
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Lymphatic system (function)
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supports immune system by housing and transporting white blood cells to and from the lymph nodes
also returns any fluid that has leaked from the cardiovascular system back to the blood vessels |
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Lymphatic system (related systems)
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urinary system - helps with the proper lymphatic functioning by helping to maintain proper water/acid-base/electrolyte balance of the blood
brain helps control the immune response acidic secretions in both the reproductive and integumentary systems prevent bacterial growth |
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Muscular system (organs)
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skeletal muscles, tendons (connect muscles to bones), ligaments (attach bones together to form joints)
NOT smooth or cardiac muscle |
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Muscular system (function)
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Locomotion
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Muscular system (related systems)
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endocrine - releases hormones that effect muscular strength
nervous - regulates and coordinates muscle activity reproductive - encourages larger muscle size in men bones - levers for activity |
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Nervous system (organs)
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brain, spinal cord, nerves
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Nervous system (function)
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body's control system
detection of stimuli - internal and external defense - muscles or glands respond to threats |
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Nervous system (related systems)
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endocrine system - releases hormones that regulate the activity of neurons
urinary system - disposes of metabolic wastes and maintains the correct electrolyte balance for proper nerve function |
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Reproductive system (organs)
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testes, ovaries, penis, ovaries, vagina, breasts, uterus
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Reproductive system (function)
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to produce offspring
production of eggs (ova) or sperm houses hormones - libido, agression, masculine/feminine body traits |
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Reproductive system (related systems)
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lymphatic - transports sex hormones
muscular - childbirth respiratory rate - increases during pregnancy |
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Respiratory system (organs)
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nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
lungs contain alveoli - air sacs - oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in and out of lungs via small blood vessels called arterioles |
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Respiratory system (function)
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supply body (cells) with oxygen, removed carbon dioxide
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Respiratory system (related systems)
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muscular system - aids in breathing by producing vloume changes (the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles)
nervous system - regulates breathing rate and depth |
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Skeletal system (organs)
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bones, ligaments, joints, cartilage
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Skeletal system (function)
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support and protection
in conjunction with muscular system - movement storage of minerals such as calcium |
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Skeletal system (related systems)
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endocrine - releases hormones that regulate growth and release of calcium
digestive system provides nutrients necessary for the mineralization of bones urinary - activates vitamin D - necessary for calcium absorption into bone muscular system - stress on bones - calcium deposit nervous - recognizes painful sensations cardiovascular - supplies oxygen and nutrients while removing wastes such as lactic acid reproductive system - influences shape integumentary system - provides vitamin D - calcium absorption |
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Urinary system (function)
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excretory system - maintain water and electrolyte balance, regulates the acid-base balance of the blood and removes all nitrogen-containing wastes from the body
nitrogen - by-product of breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids |
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Urinary system (related systems)
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endocrine - helps regulate the reabsorption of water and electrolytes in the kidneys
liver (digestive) - synthesized urea that must be excreted by kidneys |
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Urinary system (organs)
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kidney, bladder, ureter, urethra
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Anatomical position
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standard position
body facing forward, feet parallel, arms at sides, palms forward |
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Superior
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toward upper end of body or body structure
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Inferior
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toward lower end of body or body structure
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Anterior
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toward the front of the body or body structure (opposite posterior)
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Posterior
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toward the back of the body or body structure (opposite anterior)
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Medial
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toward the middle of body or body structure (opposite lateral)
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Lateral
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toward the outer sides of the body or body structure (opposite medial)
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Intermediate
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between medial and lateral
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Proximal
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close to the origin of the body part or point of attachment (opposite distal)
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Distal
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away from the origin of the body part or point of attachment (opposite of proximal)
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Superficial
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toward or at the body surface
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Deep
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away from or below the body surface (opposite of superficial)
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Sagittal section
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cut made along a longitudinal plane dividing the body into right and left parts
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Midsagittal section
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sagittal section made down the median of the body
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Transverse section (cross section)
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cut made along a horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower regions
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Frontal section (coronal section)
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cut made along a longitudinal plane that divides the body into front and back regions
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Dorsal body cavity
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contains the cranial cavity and spinal column
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Ventral body cavity
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contains all the sturcutres within the chest and abdomen; diaphragm divides the ventral cavity into the thoracic cavity (superior to the diaphragm); below the diaphragm are the abdominal and pelvic cavities
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Adaptation
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receive, interpret, and respond to internal and external stimuli via the nervous system
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Circulation
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transport oxygen and other nutrients to tissues via the cardiovascular system
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Elimination
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remove metabolic wastes from the body via the renal system
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Locomotion
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allow voluntary and involuntary movement of body via the renal system
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Nutrition
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take in and break down nutrients to be used for metabolism via the digestive system
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Oxygenation
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take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide via the respiratory system
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Regulation
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hormonal control of the body functions via the endocrine system
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Self-duplication
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production of offspring via the reproductive system
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Heart
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contracts and pumps blood throughout the body - rhythmic contractions of the heart enable blood to be transported throughout the body
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Arteries
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blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart to the capillaries
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Capillaries
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tiny blood vessels that transport blood from the arteries to veins within the body - also serve as the location for exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, fluid and other nutrients
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Heart anatomy
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four chambers:
right and left atriums right and left ventricles four valves: tricuspid and pulmonary on the right mitral and the aortic on the left |
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Flow of blood through heart
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Deoxygenated blood enters the heart through the superior and inferior vena cava
travels to the right atrium, tot he tricuspid valve of the right ventricle blood pushed through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery and lungs and picks up oxygen oxygenated blood is then carried back to the heard (by the pulmonary veins) into the left atrium through the mitral valve and into the left ventricle contraction of the left ventricle forces blood through the aortic valve, through the aorta and out into the entire body |
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Lungs
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inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide
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Trachea
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air brought from nose/mouth through trachea into bronchial tubes and then lungs
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Bronchial tubes
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left and right between trachea and lungs
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Cilia
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tiny hairs - keep airway clear by removing unwanted material from the lungs
line the bronchial tubes |
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Alveoli
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tiny sacs surrounded by capillaries
permit exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide from the blood stream |
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Diaphragm (respiration)
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abdominal muscle pulls air into the lungs by contracting
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Inspiration
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taking in oxygenated air
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Expiration
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carbon dioxide forced out of the body
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Central Nervous System
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CNS
brain, spinal cord |
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Peripheral Nervous System
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PNS
cranial and spinal nerves extend beyond CNS |
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Autonomic Nervous System
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controls automatic body functions, like heartbeat and digestion
includes the sympathetic nerves and parasympathetic nerves |
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Sympathetic Nerves
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active when a person is excited or scared
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Parasympathetic nerves
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active when a person is eating or at rest
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Sensory-somatic nervous system
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consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves and associated ganglia
voluntary actions like walking and talking |
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Ganglia
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collections of nerve cell bodies
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Dendrites
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receive stimuli from the internal and external environment and bring those stimuli to the neurons for interpretation
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Neurons
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specialized cells that make up the nervous system and transmit messages
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Axon
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connects one neuron with another neuron over a fluid filled gap called a synapse
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Nervous system (functions)
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to provide sensory, motor and integrative functions within the body
work together with other systems to react to stimuli and maintain homeostasis within the body |
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Nervous system - sensory
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feeling heat, pain other stimuli
face, fingers and toes are more sensitive - greater number of sensory neurons reflex - automatic withdrawal from pain/discomfort |
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Nervous system - motor
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carry electrical impulses from CNS to effectors (glands and muscles)
decisions made in the integrative function acted upon by other parts of the body |
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Nervous system - integrative
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uses sensory information to make decisions by joining together sensory input with memories already stored within the brain
develop thoughts and feelings upon which decisions may be made at a later time. |
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Digestive system (organs)
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alimentary canal and accessory structures
includes mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) and large intestine (colon) |
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Small intestine
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duodenum
jejunum ileum |
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Digestive system (accessory structures)
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teeth, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder
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Gastrointestinal tract
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stomach and intestines
long muscular tube line which smooth muscle in which peristalsis occurs |
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Peristalsis
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rhythmic contractions that propel food toward the colon and anus
occurs in GI tract |
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Process of digestion
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mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
teeth grind, chew and tear food into smaller pieces to increase the surface area upon which enzymes can act |
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Digestion (enzymes)
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chemical which break down proteins, carbohydrates, and fats into nutrients which can be absorbed
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