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163 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anatomy |
Is the study of structure of organs and body systems
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Physiology
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Is the study of function of the organs and body systems
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Atoms
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The smallest part of elements
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Molecule
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Atoms combine to form a molecule .
A chemical bonding of atoms that possesses its own characteristics independent of atoms themselves |
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Cell
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Some molecules combine to form cells.
The basic units of life |
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Tissues
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Cells combine in terms of function and type to form tissue
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Organ level
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Two or more tissues work together to perform a specific function
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Organ system
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When organs work together to perform a task.
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Organism
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The highest level of organization
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Hierarchy of the structure of the human body
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Organism
Organ system Organs Tissues Cells Molecules Atoms |
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Four basic types of tissue In humans
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Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous
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Epithelial tissue
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Functions: provides covering and produces secretions
-in sheets -dependent on diffusion in capillaries for food and oxygen -doesn't have it's own blood supply -classified by shape and size |
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Simple Epithelial
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One layer, found where absorption, secretion and filtration occur
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Stratified epithelial
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Has more then one layer and serves as protection
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Connective tissue
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Fund throughout the body
Has its own blood supply Is bone, cartilidge, (fat) and blood vessel |
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Muscle tissue
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Dedicated to producing movement
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Muscle tissue
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Skeletal, cardiac and smooth
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Skeletal muscle
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Supports voluntary movement since its connected to bones, and brain
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Smooth muscle
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Involuntary control, found in hollow organs like intestine, blood vessels, bladder and uterus
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Cardiac muscle
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Involuntary and found in the heart
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Nervous tissue
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Provides the structure for the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
-support cells such as myelin help protect nervous tissue |
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Circulatory system
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Consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood
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Circulatory system
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Supports circulation and distribution of various substances throughout the body.. Oxygen, hormones and nutrients from food are some of these substances
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Digestive System
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Consist of all the organs from mouth to anus, include esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine,
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Digestive system
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Ingestion and breakdown or processing food.
Small intestine-absorption Colon- removes water from waste Liver- produces bile that helps break down fats Pancreas- delivers enzymes to the small intestine |
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Endocrine system
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serves to control body function
Glands such as the pineal, pituitary, thalamus, hypothalamus, thyroid, and adrenal regulate process of growth and metabolism |
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Integumentary system
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Consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair and nails,.
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Integumentary system
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Protects internal tissue from injury, waterproofs the body, and helps regulate body temperature. Also serves as a barrier to pathogens
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Lymphatic system
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Consist of lymph nodes, lymph vessels, spleen, thymus and tonsils
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Lymphatic system
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Supports the immune system by housing and transporting WBC to and from the Lymph nodes
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Muscular system
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Consist of skeletal muscles, tendons that connect muscles to bone, and ligaments that attach bones together to form joints.
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Nervous system
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Consist of brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Serves as the body's completely system.
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Reproductive system
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To produce offspring, also house hormones that encourage or suppress activities within the body
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Reproductive system
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Consist of the testis, permits, ovaries, vagina and breast
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Respiratory system
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Keeps the body's cells supplied with oxygen and removes canon dioxide
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Respiratory system
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Consists of the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs
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Respiratory system
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The lungs house tiny sacs called alveoli. It is through the walls of the alveoli that that oxygen and carbon dioxide move in and out of the lungs, via small vessels called arterioles
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Skeletal system,
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Provides support and protection for the body and its organs and framework
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Skeletal system
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Bones, cartilidge, ligaments and joints
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Urinary system
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Helps maintain the water and electrolyte balance within the body, regulates the acid base balance in the blood, removes all nitrogen containing waste from body
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Anatomical position
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Standard position where body is facing forward, feet are parallel to each other, and the arms are at the sides with palms facing forward
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Superior
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Upper end of the body
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Inferior
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To the lower end of the body
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Anterior
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Toward the front of the body
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Posterior
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Toward the back of the body
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Medial
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Toward midline
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Lateral
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Toward the outer sides of the body
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Intermediate
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Between medial and lateral
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Proximal
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Close to e origin of point of attachment
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Distal
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Away from point of attachment
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Superficial
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Toward body surface
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Deep
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Away from or below the body's surface
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Sagital section
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Cut made along a longitudinal plane dividing the body into left and right parts
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Midsaggital section
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Sagital section made down the median of the body
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Transverse section: cross section
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Cuts made to divide body into upper and lower regions
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Frontal section: coronal section
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Cut made along a longitudinal plane that divides regions into front and back
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Dorsal body cavity
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Contains the cranial cavity and spinal column
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Ventral body cavity
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Contains all the structures from chest and abdomen, diaphragm divides the ventral cavity into the thoracic cavity, below the diaphragm are the abdominal and pelvic cavities
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Adaption
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Receive, interpret and respond to internal and external stimuli via the nervous system
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Circulation
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Transport oxygen and other nutrients to tissues via the cardiovascular system
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Elimination
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Removes metabolic wastes from the body via the renal system
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Locomotion
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Allow voluntary and involuntary movement of the body via the musculoskeletal and neurological system.
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Nutrition
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Take in and break down nutrients to be used for metabolism via the digestive system
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Oxygenation
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Take in oxygen and expel cabin dioxide via the respiratory system
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Regulation
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Hormonal control of body functions via the endocrine system
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Self duplication
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Production of offspring via the reproductive system
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Maintains boundaries
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-human body cells are eukaryotic, meaning there surrounded by membrane and organelles are inside cells. The membrane is semi permeable allows substances to pass by but restricting others
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Responding to environmental changes
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Body has the ability to sense and respond to environmental stimuli, both voluntarily and involuntarily
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Moving
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Purpose of muscular tissue is to support the body with movement.
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Ingesting and digesting
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The organs in the digestive system work to remove nutrients from food and transport those nutrients to other parts of the body using the cardiovascular system
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Excreting
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Once nutrients have been removed from food in the digestion system the waste tag remains is excreted from the body using organs in both digestive system and urinary system
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Metabolizing
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Is the use of energy by cells as a result of chemical reactions within the cells. The digestive
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Connective tissue
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Bone
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Epithelial tissue
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Skin
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Muscle tissue
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Heart
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Nervous tissue
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Brain
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Circulatory system
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This system works as the transportation system for substances such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients in the body
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Digestive system
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This system breaks down food so that the nutrients can be easily passed into the blood and circulated throughout the body
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Endocrine system
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This system controls body function
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Integumentary system
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This system protects internal tissues from injury, waterproofs the body, and helps regulate body temperature. Also serves as a barrier of foreign substances.
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Lympathetic system
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System helps clense blood and houses the WBC that are involved in protecting the body from environmental pathogens.
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Muscular System
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This system produces movement through contractions
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Nervous system
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This system acts as the body's control system and is nessacary to protect the body from changes in internal and external environment
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Respiratory system
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This system keeps all the cells in the body supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
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Skeletal system
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System provides support and protection for the body, supplies a framework used to create movement, and serves as storage for minerals such as calcium
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Urinary system
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System helps maintain water and electrolyte balance with in the body, regulated acid base balances in the blood, and removes all nitrogen containing waste in the body
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Heart
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An organ that contracts and pumps blood throughout the body.
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Arteries
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Are blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart to the capillaries
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Veins
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Are blood vessels that transport blood from arteries to veins within the body
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Capillaries
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serve as the location for the exchange of oxygen,carbon dioxide, fluids and nutrients within the body.
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The heart consist of four chambers
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Right and left atriums and right/left ventricles
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The heart valves prevent what
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The flow of blood back into the hearts chambers after a contraction
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What are the valves?
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Right side- tricuspid and pulmonary
Left side- mitral and aortic |
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Where does deoxygenated blood enter through the heart
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Superior and inferior vena cava
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After the blood travels through the right atrium, it's flows into what valve and what ventricle
(During contraction of atrium) |
Tricuspid valve, right ventricle
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The blood is pushed through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery and lungs with the right ventricle contracts. What does it pick up here?
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Picks up oxygen
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How is the oxygenated blood carried back to the heart?
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By the pulmonary veins, into the left atrium, through the mitral valve, and into the left ventricle.
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What does contraction of e left ventricle force?
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Forces the blood through the aortic valve, through the aorta, and out the entire body
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After contraction of the left ventricle blood enters the
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Aorta
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After contraction of the right ventricle blood enters the
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Pulmonary artery
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After contraction of the right atrium blood enters the
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Right ventricle
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Lungs
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Primary function is breathing in oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide.
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Cilia
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Tiny hairs that keep the airway clear by removing unwanted matter from the lungs
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Alveoli
Eater leaving bronchial tubes go through alveoli |
Tiny sacs that permit the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide to occur.
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Diaphragm
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Is what contracts and pulls air in
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Inspiration
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The act of taking on oxygen
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Expiration
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Wen the diaphragm relaxes, canon dioxide is forced out of the body
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CNS central nervous system
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Brain and spinal cord
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PNS peripheral nervous system
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Divides into autonomic and sensory somatic system
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Autonomic nervous system
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Controls automatic body functions like heartbeat and digestion
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Sympathetic nerves
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Active when a person is excited or scared
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Parasympathetic nerves
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Active when a person is eating or at rest
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Ganglia
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Collection of nerve cell bodies
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Dendrites
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Receive stimuli from the internal and external environment and bring though stimuli to the neurons
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Neurons
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Specialized cells that make up the nervous system and transmit messages for interruption
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The axon of nerve cells connects one neuron with another neuron over a fluid filled gap called a
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Synapse
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Nervous system has three functions
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(1) provides sensory, motor and integrative functions within the body
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Neons system:sensory function
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Includes feeling pain, heat and other stimuli.
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Reflex
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Occurs when neurons transmit a message to the spinal cord, which in turns sends a message back to the muscles to react before the message is transmitted to the brain
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Nervous system-motor function
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Carries electrical impulses from the CNS to effectors
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Nervous system-integrative function
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Uses sensory information to make decisions by joining together sensory input with memories already stored in the brain
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Nervous system
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Directed body defenses against external stimuli
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Nervous system
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Regulates heart and breathing rates
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What system is an example of smooth muscle?
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Digestive system
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Peristalsis
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Rhythmic contractions at propel food towards the colon and anus
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Digestion
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The mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods
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Enzymes
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Are chemicals that break down protein, carbohydrates, and fats not nutrients that can be absorbed
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Salivary Amylase
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A enzyme that begins digestion of carbohydrates
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Fat Leyden chyme
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Mixture of food, chemicals, and enzymes in the stomach
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What releases the chyme from the stomach to small intestine?
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Pyloric sphincter
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In the digestion system, what are the two hormones that are released by the duodenum?
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Secretin and cholecystokinin (cck)
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What does secretin do
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Goes to the pancreas to trigger release of bicarbonate, which neutralizes the stomach content. Also triggers release of pancreatic enzymes
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Cck
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Initiates bile release from gall bladder, while decrease motility and acid production by the stomach
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What happens in small intestine
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Absorption of nutrients
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Vili
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Absorption of nutrient In the small intestine happens though these finger like projections
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Microvili and vili
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Increase the surface area within the small intestine
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Where does the digestion of carbohydrates take place
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The mouth
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What is the propulsion of food through the gastrointestinal tract called
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Peristalsis
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Immune system
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Tissues, cells,mans organs that fight off disease
Has innate and adaptive defenses |
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Innate
Adaptive |
Non specific
Specific Protect the body from pathogens and other foreign invaders |
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Innate
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Nonspecific, first line of defense which includes both physical and chemical barriers (skin, mucous membranes, and digestive enzymes)
Also have second line defense includes fever, inflammation,phagocytosis, natural killer cells, interferons, chemotaxis, and release of cytokines. |
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Inflammation
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Occurs in response to irritating chemicals, heat, trauma or infection by pathogens.
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Phagocytosis
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Engulfing of pathogens by white blood cells
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4 cardinal signs of inflammation
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Redness, heat, swelling and pain
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Natural killer cells nk cells
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Produce perforins (pore forming proteins) that target cancer and virus cells. They cause cells to lyse, or rupture.
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Interferons
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Are the body's response to viral infection and prevent replication of the virus after 7-10 days. They also activate macrophages and nk cells.
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Chemotaxis
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The method in which leukocytes respond to damage body tissue
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Diapedisis
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The process of WBC squezzing through capillary slits in response to cytokines
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Adaptive responses
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Third line defense, includes both humoral and anti-body mediated and cell mediated responses
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Antibody mediated responses
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Antibodies are produced that are specific for the invading antigen, Antigen binds to to cells followed by the by binding with t helper cells . This activates the B cells to produce antigen
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Active immunity
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Adaptive response, receives a vaccine that stimulates an actual infection by a pathogen
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Passive immunity
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An individual does not make his own antibodies but receives them directly from another source
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Cell mediated immunity
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T cells are responsible for recognizing no self cells
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T-cell
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Is a lymphocyte that triggers the action of other lymphocytes
3 step process: Macrophages capture the no self cell, a t helper cell binds to it and secretes a cytokines that signals the cytotoxic cell. The cytotoxic T cell responds through chemotaxis and actively destroys the no self cel |
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What type of immunity is produced by a vaccine
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Artificially acquired active immunity
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Which of the following are released by damaged cells in an effort to draw WBC to the area of damage
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Cytokines
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What is the effect or benefit of a mild to moderate fever
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Enhances destruction of pathogens
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Fertility rates
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Refer to the number of children a women will have during childbearing years, which occur between the ages of 15 and 44
- fertility rates are higher in the less developed countries |
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What are factors that may affect birth rates
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Religion, culture, economy, government, literacy, infant mortality rates, abortions, accessibility of family planning
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Crude birth Rate
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Defined by the number of births per 1,000 people per year
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Crude death rate
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The number per thousand of deaths per year
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Immigration
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Is the act of an individual moving into a region or country to live (migrate into)
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Emigration
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Is the act of an individual moving out of one region or country to live into another (migrate out)
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