Teas V Science Section: Human Body Science

Front 1

Anatomy

Back 1

the study of the structure of organs and body systems.

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Physiology

Back 2

the study of the function of the organs and body systems.

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Atoms

Back 3

the smallest parts of elements that still retain all the original properties of the element

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Molecule

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a chemical bonding of atoms that possesses its own characteristics independent of the atoms themselves.

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Cells

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Specific molecules combined, the basic unit of all life.

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Tissues (How many types?)

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cells combined in terms of function and type. 4 types of tissue in the human body.

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Organ

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Two or more tissues types work together to perform a specific function. at this level it is possible to preform extremely complex functions.

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Organ System (Number of Organ systems in the body?)

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organs working together to preform a task. 11 organ systems in the human body.

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Organism

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the highest level of organization. the result of all organ systems working together within the body.

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Four Types of Tissue

Back 10

epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous.

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Epithelial

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Provides covering or produces secretions. Commonly exists in sheets and does not have its own blood supply. It is dependent on diffusion from nearby capillaries for food and oxygen. Regenerates easily if well nourished. Classified by number of cell layers and cell shape.

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Simple epithelium

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contains one layer of cells. it is found in body structures where absorption, secretion and filtration occur.

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Stratified epithelium

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has more than one layer of cells and serves as protection

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Epithelial cell shapes

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squamous, cuboidal and columnar

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Connective tissue

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found throughout the body, it serves to connect different structures of the body. It commonly has its own blood supply, but some types do not (ligaments). Types of connective tissue: bone, cartilage, adipose and blood vessels.

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Types of connective tissue

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bone, cartilage, adipose and blood vessels.

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Muscle Tissue (and the 3 types)

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dedicated to producing movement. Three types: Skeletal, Cardiac, smooth.

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Skeletal muscle

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supports voluntary movement since it is connected to bones in the skeletal system. Voluntary movements are consciously controlled by the brain.

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Smooth Muscle

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under involuntary control. it is found in the walls of hollow organs, such as intestines, blood vessels, bladder, and uterus.

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Cardiac muscle

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movement is involuntary, it is found only in the heart.

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Nervous Tissue

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provides the structure for the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Support cells such as myelin help protect nervous tissue.

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Nerves

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made up of specialized cells called neurons that send electrical impulses throughout the body.

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Circulatory System: Organs

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Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins and arterioles) , and blood.

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Circulatory System: Function

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Supports the circulation and distribution of various substances throughout the body. Oxygen, hormones, and nutrients from food are some of these substances.

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Digestive System: Organs

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All organs from mouth to anus involved in the ingestion and breakdown of food. Esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, rectum and anus. also the liver and te pancreas.

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Digestive System: Function

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manufactures enzymes that break down food so that thenutrients can be easily passed into the blood for use throughout the body. the absorbtion of nurients occurs in the small intestine. after that the colon removes thewater from the waste that remains. the liver produces bile that helps break down fats and the pancreas delivers enzymes to the small intestine that aid in digestion.

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Endocrine System: Organs

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glands: pineal, pituitary, thalamus, hypothalamus, thryoid, thymus and adrenal

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Endocrine System: Function

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serves to control body functions. glands in the endocrine system secrete hormones that travel throuhg the blood to organs throughout the body. the glands regulate processes such as growth and metabolism.

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Integumentary System: Organs

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Skin, mucous membranes, hair and nails.

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Integumentary System: Function

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protects internal tissue from injury, waterproofs the body, and helps regulate temperature. This system also serves as a barrier to pathogens.

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Lymphatic System: Organs

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lymph nodes, lymph vessels that carry lymph, the spleen, the thymus, and the tosils.

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Lyphatic System: Function

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it supports the immune system by housing and transporting white blood cells to and from lymph nodes. the lymphatic system also returns fluid that has leaked from the cardiovascular system back into the blood vessels.

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Muscular System: Organs

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Skeletal muscles, tendons that conect muscles to bones, ligaments that attatch bones together to form joints.

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Nervous System: Organs

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brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

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Nervous System: Function

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serves as the bodys control system, sensory receptors detect stimuli taht can occur both inside and outside the body. The conduction of nervous impulses along nerves is extreamly fast. making it possible for immediate reflexive response.

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Reproductive System: Organs

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testes, penis, ovaries, vagina and breasts.

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Reproductive System: Function

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produce offspring. specalized in men to produce sperm, and in women to produce eggs. the reroductive organs also house hormoes that encourage or suppress activites within the body and influence development of masculine or feminine body characteristics.

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Respiratory System: Organs

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nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. the lungs house tiny sacs called alveoli

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Respiratory System: Function

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keeps the bodys cells supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide as it is released from cells. It is through the walls of the aveoli that oxygen and carbon dioxide move in and out of the lungs via small blood vessels called arterioles.

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Skeletal System: Organs

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bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints.

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Skeletal System: Function

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provides support and protection for the body and its organs and supplies a framwork that when used in conjuction with muscles creates movement. also serves as storage for minerals such as calcium and phosphorus.

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Urinary System: Function

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helps maintain the water and electrolyte balnace within the body regulates the acid-base balance of the blood and removes all nitrogen containing wastes from the body. nitrogen containing wastes are by products of the breakdown of protiens and nucleic acids.

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Anatomical Position

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a standard position in wich the body is facing forward, the feet are parallel to eachother, and the arms are at the sides eith the palms facing forward.

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Superior

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towards the upper end of the body or body structure

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Inferior

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towards the lower end of the body or body structure

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Anterior

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Towards the front of the body or body structure

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Posterior

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Towards the back of the body or body structure

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Medial

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toward the middle of the body or body structure

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Lateral

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towards the outer sides of the body or body structure

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Intermediate

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between medial and lateral

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Poximal

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close to the orgin of the body part or point of attatchment

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Distal

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away from the orgin of the body part or point of attatchment

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Superficial

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towards the body surface

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deep

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away from or below the body surface

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Sagittal section

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cut made along a plane dividing the body into right and left parts. not equal

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Midsaggital

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sagittal section made down the median of the body

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Transverse Section

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cut made along a plane to divide the body into upper and lower regions.

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Frontal Section

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divides the body into front and back region

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Dorsal Body Cavity

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contains the cranial cavity and spinal colomn

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Ventral Body Cavity

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contains all structures within the chest and abdomen. diaphram divides the ventral cavity into the thoracic cavity and the abdominal and pelvic cavitys.

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Functions of the human body

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Adaptation, circulation, elimination, locomotion, nutrition, oxygenation, regulation and self duplication

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Adaptation

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recieve, interpret and respond to internal and external stimuli via the nervous system

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Circulation

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transport oxygen and other nutrients to tissues via the cardiovascular system

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elimination

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remove metabolic wastes from the body via the renal system

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locomotion

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allow voluntary and involuntary movement of the body via the musculoskeletal and neurolgical systems

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nutrition

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take and break down nutrients to be used for metabolism via the digestive system

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oxygenation

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take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide via the respiratory system

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regulation

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hormonal control of body functions via the endocrine system

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self-duplication

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production of offspring via the reproductive system

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maintaing boundries

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the cells in the human body are eukaryotic cells which means the y are surrounded by a membrane as are the organelles inside the cells. the membrane which is semipermeable allows some substances to pass through while restricting others. the integumentary system that surrounds the entire body protects it from envormental stemuli and pathogens.

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responding to enviormental changes

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the human body has the ability to sense and respond to enviormental stemuli both volentarily and involuntarily. an idividuals ability to physically move away from danger is an example of voluntary movement. the hands ability to withdraw from pain before the brain perceives the pain is an example of an involuntary reflex.

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moving

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the primary purpose of muscular tissue is to support movement in the body. the muscular system moves the bones in the skeletal system and this movement is voluntary. the muscular tissues in the cardiovascular digestive reproductive urinary and respiratory system also supports movement and this movement is involuntary

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ingesting and digesting

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the organs in the digestive system work to remove nutrients from food and transport those nutrients to other parts of the body using the cardiovascular system

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reproducing

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the reproductive system plays a key role in reproduction and hormones regulate this process

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growing

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growth occurs due to changes in several body systems. the skeletal and muscular systems change shape. the digestive system removes needed nutrients from food. the cardiovascualr system transports these nutrients to the cells. the endocrine system releases hormones that signel when and how much growth should occur.

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excreting

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once nutrients have been removed from food in the digestion system, the waste that remains is excreted from the body using organs in both the digestive system and the urinary system.

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metabolizing

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metabolism is the use of energy by cells as a result of chemical reactions within the cells.the digestive and respiratory system supply the nutrients and oxygen that the body needs to support metabolism. the blood distributes these materials throughout the body and hormones secreted by the glands of the endocrine system regulate the bodys metabolism.

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Arteries

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blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart to the cappilaries.

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Veins

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blood vessels that transport the blood from the cappilaries back to the heart.

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Cappilaries

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serve as the location for the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, fluid, and nutrients within the body.

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Describe the travel of blood through the heart

Back 81

Deoxygenated blood enters the heart through the superior and inferior vena cava. the blood travels into the right atrium and during contraction of the atrium travels through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. the blood is pushed through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery and lungs when the right ventricle contracts. here it picks up oxygen. the oxygenated blood is then carried back to the heart by the pulmonary veins, into the left atrium throuugh the mitral valve and into the left ventricle. contraction of the left ventricle forces the blood through the aortic valve, through the aorta and out to the entire body.

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Travel of air through the Respiratory System

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air is inhaled through the nose into the trachea, passing into the right and left bronchial tubes. within the bronchial tubesare tiny hair called cillia which keep airway clear by removing unwanted matter from the lungs. after leaving the bronchial tube air travels into the aveoli which are tiny sacs that are surrounded by capillaries. the aveoli permit the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide to occur. the oxygen is then transported by the red blood cells into the blood stream.

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inspiration

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the diaphram contracts, pulling air into the lungs

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expiration

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the diaphram relaxes forcing carbon dioxide out of the lungs

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Central Nervous System

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consists of the brain and spinal cord

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Peripheral Nervous System

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consists of cranial and spinal nerves that extend beyond the central nervous system. divided into the autonomic nervous system and the sensory-somatic nervous system

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Autonomic Nervous System

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controls automatic functions like heartbeat and digestion

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Sensory-Somatic

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12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves and associated ganglia. controls voluntary action like talking and walking

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Sympathetic Nerves

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active when excited or scared

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Parasympathetic

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active when eating or at rest

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Synapse

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axons of nerve cells connect one neuron with another over a fluid filled gap

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Dendrites

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recieve stimuli from internal and external enviorment and bring those stimuli to the neurons

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Neurons

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specialized cells that make up the nervous system and transmit messages

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Axon

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connects one neuron to another

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effectors

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most commonly the glands and muscles. they recieve electrical impulses from the CNS

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Peristalsis

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rhythmic contractions that propel food toward the colon and anus

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Digestion (mouth to stomach)

Back 97

Salivary amylase begins chemical digestion of carbohydrates. once swallowed the bolus of food passes throught the esophagus and into the stomach. cells in the stomach lining secrete mucus for lubrication an enzyme for protein digestion (protease) hydrochloric acid, and intrinsic factor which increases the stomachs absorbtion of vitamin B 12. mechanical churning also aids in the break down of food.

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Digestion (stomach out)

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fat laden chyme remains in the stomach longer than carbohydrate laden chyme which advances more quickly into the small intestine (duodenum) through the pyloric sphincter. this sphincter releases chyme from the stomach into the small intestine. the duodenum realeases two hormones secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK) secretin travels to the pancreas to trigger release of bicarbonate which neautralizes the stomach acid. secretin also triggers the release of pancreatic enzymes that further aid chemical digestion in the small intestine. CCK release in the duodenum intiates bile release from the gallbladder while decreasing motility and acid production by the stomach. additional enzymes are realeased. absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intesting through finger like projections called villi, villi also increase the surface area. each villus contains arterioles and lyphatic vessels through which absorbtion occurs. the remaining products are transported to the colon to absorb the water and produce the feces.

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Innate (nonspecific) immunity

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provide a nonspecific type of defence. occuring the same way everytime regardless of the type or number of pathogens .

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First line of defense in the Innate immunity

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physical and chemical bariers. skin mucous membranes and digestive enzymes

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Second line of Innate Defense

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fever, inflammation, phagocytosis, natural killer cells, interferons, chemotaxis and release of cytokines.

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Cardinal signs of Inflammation

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redness, heat, swelling, pain

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Natural Killer Cells

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produce perforins that target cancer and virus cells. causing the cells to lyse.

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Interferons

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bodys response to a viral infection and prevent replication of the virus after 7 to 10 days. they also activate macrophages and NK cells.

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Chemotaxis

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the process by which leukocytes respond to damaged body tissue.

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Cytokines

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chemical messengers that are released by damaged tissue

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Diapedesis

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the process of white blood cells squeezing through capillary slits in responce to ctyokines. this is followed by cellular adhesion molecules guiding the white blood cells to the site of damage or infection.

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Adaptive Responses (Specific Defense)

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Include humoral (antibody mediated) and the cell-mediated response.

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Anti-body Mediated Response

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antibodies are produced that are specific for the antigen. the antigen binds to b-cells followed by binding with T-helper cells. this activates the b cells to produce antibodies.

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Active Immunity

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an individual recieves a vaccine that simulates an actual infection by a pathogen stimulating the body to produce antibodies for future protection

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Passive Immunity

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an individual does not produce their own antibodies but rather recieves them directly from another sorce such as a mother to infant.

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Cell-Mediated Immunity

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t cells ar primarily responsible for recognizing non self cells. a t cell (a lymphocyte that triggers the action of other lymphocytes)
1.macrophages capture the nonself cell.
2. t helper cell binds to it and secretes a cytoking that signals the cytotoxic t cell.
3. the cytotoxic t cell responds through chemotaxis and actively destroys the nonself cell.

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Fertility rate

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the average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years. between the ages of 15-44.

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Replacement rate

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the number of births needed to maintain the population at its current number.

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Factors that affect birth and fertility rates

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religon, culture, economy, employment, government, education, literacy, infant mortality rates, abortions, and accessibility of family planning,

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Growth and decline of the population

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difference between the populations birth and death rates. also the number of people who immigrate and emigrate.

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Crude birth rate

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the number of births per 1000 people per year

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Crude death rate

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the number of dealths per 1000 people per year,

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Changes in population are affected by

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economy, politics, medical care, natural resorces, food, land, water, and climate.