Teas V Science

Front 1

Natural Selection

Back 1

Individuals of a species containing certain mutations are better able to survive and reproduce than other (survival of the fittest)

Front 2

Genes

Back 2

Stretches of DNA on a chromosome that provide information for an organism's characteristics which are responsible for heredity; genetic blueprint for the formation of proteins which make up the machinery of a cell

Front 3

Alleles

Back 3

Different forms of a gene

Front 4

Mutations

Back 4

Changes in DNA that affect the way a gene functions (permanent changes in DNA sequences), species variations that can be inherited

Front 5

Adaptation

Back 5

Increase from generation to generation of alleles of genes that allows a species to survive in their environment

Front 6

Name the Purine bases of nucleic Acids. How many rings do Purines have?

Back 6

Adenine and Guanine (A,G)

Purines have two rings

Adenine and Guanine have two rings (Purines)

Front 7

Name the pyrimidine bases of nucleic acids

Back 7

Pyrimidine have one ring. They include thymine in DNA, uracil in RNA and Cytosine in both RNA and DNA

Front 8

What is the job of nucleic acids?

Back 8

To store and transmit hereditary information.

Front 9

Describe the structure of DNA/RNA

Back 9

DNA is double helix. Two strands made up of chains of nucleotides.

RNA is single stranded.

Nucleotides are composed of these components:

1. Pentose (sugar. Deoxyribose in DNA, Ribose in DNA)

2. Phosphate group "backbone" that link adjoining bases together

3. a nitrogenous base

Bonds between complementary bases are hydrogen bonds in DNA

Front 10

What elements make up nucleic acids?

Back 10

CHONP

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Phosphorous

Front 11

What types of organisms have the most basic cell type?

Back 11

Bacteria (eubacteria and acrchaeabacteria) are prokaryotes

Front 12

What is the condensed DNA of a prokaryotic cell that contains genes?

Back 12

The nucleoid

Front 13

What are small, circular portions of DNA that are not associated with the nucleoid of prokaryotes?

Back 13

Plasmids

Front 14

What are pili?

Back 14

Pili allow communication between two bacterial cells

Front 15

Which are larger, eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells?

Back 15

Eukaryotic cells!

Front 16

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 16

Tubular network of flattened membranous sacs.

Rough ER - studded with ribosomes

Smooth ER - important metabolic processes

Front 17

What eukaryotic organelle is responsible for moving proteins from one part of the cell to another and for secretion (moving proteins out of the cell)?

Back 17

The ER

Front 18

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Back 18

The Golgi refines proteins that have been packaged by ribosomes, sorts proteins and prepares them for transport to other parts of the cell or for secretion. Works with ER.

Front 19

List three common types of vesicles

Back 19

Vacuoles - storage

Peroxisomes - detox.

Lysosomes - recycling (digestive enzymes)

Front 20

Peroxisomes

Back 20

Detox of hydrogen peroxide and more.

Abundant in the liver due to buildup of toxic substances.

Major sites of oxygen use and energy production.

Front 21

ATP is produced in what organelle?

Back 21

Cellular fuel (adenosine triphosphate) is produce in the Mitochondria., "powerhouses"

Front 22

What is the structure and function of the cristae of the Mitochondria?

Back 22

Folded membrane inside mitochondria. Contains enzymes that help convert sugar to ATP in the Mitochondria.

Front 23

What produces ribosomes?

Back 23

The nucleolus of the nucleus!

Front 24

What do the vacuoles of plant cells do?

Back 24

Maintain proper water pressure in the cell.

Front 25

Order call wall, capsule and cell membrane from innermost to outermost layer of a prokaryotic cell

Back 25

Cell membrane, cell wall, capsule

Front 26

What is the subunit of a chromosome?

Back 26

A gene!

A chromosome consists of genes, which consist of DNA

Front 27

How does information flow in the cell?

Back 27

From DNA to RNA to proteins

Front 28

Differentiation produces a ___ cell from a ___

Back 28

differentiation produces a more specialized cell from a less specialized cell.

Front 29

What is a zygote?

Back 29

A fertilized egg

Front 30

What is an organism in the early stages of development after fertilization?

Back 30

An embryo

Front 31

What's the process of cells differentiating to form tissue layers?

Back 31

Gastrulation

Front 32

Stem cells

Back 32

Totipitent - can give rise to an entire organism and any tissue type

Pluripotent - can give rise to any tissue type but not a whole organism

Multipotent - most differentiated stem cell. Can give rise to one of a few kinds of cells

Front 33

Interphase

Back 33

A process that occurs prior to mitosis when the cell must duplicate its DNA, increase the amount of organelles and cytoplasm, and synthesize protein in preparation for cell division. Consists of G1, S phase and G2

Front 34

G1 phase

Back 34

DNA forms messenger RNA, mRNA exits nucleus and carries information to the ribosome

Front 35

S phase

Back 35

DNA unwinds.

DNA polymerase synthesizes new complementary strands of DNA, resulting in two identical copies of the cel's DNA

Front 36

G2

Back 36

Continued protein synthesis, and cell growth in preparation for division.

Front 37

What organisms carry out photosynthesis?

Back 37

Autotrophs! Green plants, green algae and some bacteria.

Front 38

What two processes comprise cellular respiration?

Back 38

Glycolsis and the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)

Front 39

What is responsible for the expression of genetic traits?

Back 39

Proteins

Front 40

How many codons code how many amino acids?

Back 40

64 different codons code for 20 different amino acids

Front 41

What is a mutagen?

Back 41

A substance that induces mutations such as harmful chemicals, u.v. light from the sun.

Front 42

Repair mechanisms for DNA replication and damage

Back 42

DNA polymerase enzyme speeds up replication.

1. DNA polymerase performs proofreading of the newly synthesized strand, inserts proper base pair if it finds a mistake

2. Mismatch repair removes incorrect base pairs, replaces with correct ones

3. Excision repair inspects DNA for damage from mutagens, cuts out defective DNA and enlists DNA polymerase to create a new correct piece of DNA

Front 43

How frequently do errors occur in human DNA replication

Back 43

Before repair mechanisms: 1/1000 genes or up to 5% of genes.

After repair: less than .3% or less than one DNA base in 10^9 to 10^12 bases.

Front 44

Example of incomplete dominance

Back 44

Sickle-cell

Front 45

Atoms

Back 45

Smallest parts of elements that still retain the properties of that element

Front 46

Which organ system supports the distribution of oxygen, hormones and nutrients?

Back 46

The cardiovascular system

Front 47

What system helps regulate blood pressure through the release of hormones?

Back 47

Endocrine

Front 48

What system helps regulate blood volume and pressure by adjusting urine volume?

Back 48

Urinary system

Front 49

What system controls blood pressure, heart rate, and distribution of blood to various parts of the body?

Back 49

Nervous system

Front 50

What hormone helps preserve vascular health in women?

Back 50

Estrogen

Front 51

What system allows heat to escape by dilating superficial blood vessels?

Back 51

The integumentary system

Front 52

Where are blood cells formed?

Back 52

In the bone marrow of the skeletal system

Front 53

The liver and pancreas function in what organ system and how?

Back 53

Digestive system!

The liver produces bile which helps break down fat.

The pancreas delivers enzymes to the small intestine that aide in digestion

Front 54

What system controls body functions, growth and metabolism and secretes hormones?

Back 54

The endocrine system

Front 55

Name the organs of the endocrine system

Back 55

Pituitary

Thalamus

Hyperthalamus

Thyroid

Thymus

Pineal

Adrenal

Pancreas, testis and ovaries also have endocrine funtionality

Pancreas, testis and ovaries also have endocrine funtionality

Front 56

Which system provides a means of transport for some hormones of the endocrine system?

Back 56

Lymphatic system

Front 57

Which system controls the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland?

Back 57

The nervous system

Front 58

What regulates hair growth and hydration?

Back 58

Hormones from the endocrine system

Front 59

What system activates vitamin D?

Back 59

The urinary system

Front 60

What system regulates the production of sweat, interprets stimuli and adjusts the diameter of blood vessels in the skin

Back 60

The nervous system

Front 61

What structures compose the lymphatic system?

Back 61

Lymph

Lymph nodes

Lymphatic vessels

Thymus

Spleen

Tonsils

Thoracic duct

Front 62

What system supports the immune system by housing and transporting wbc's to and from lymph nodes and also returns fluid to the cv system?

Back 62

Lymphatic system

Front 63

Acidic secretions prevent bacterial growth in which two systems?

Back 63

Reproductive and integumentary system

Front 64

What does structures is the muscular system composed of?

Back 64

Skeletal muscle

Ligaments - attach bones to bones to form joints

Tendons - attach muscles to bones

Front 65

Which two muscle types are NOT part of the muscular system?

Back 65

Smooth and cardiac

Front 66

What system serves as the body's control system?

Back 66

The nervous system

Front 67

What system provides storage for minerals such as phosphorous and calcium?

Back 67

The skeletal system

Ligaments, joints, bones, cartilage

Front 68

What is necessary for calcium absorption into the bones?

Back 68

Vitamin D (provided by the integumentary system, activated by the urinary system)

Front 69

What is the primary function of the lungs?

Back 69

Inhale oxygen, exhale carbon dioxide

Front 70

What is the path of air?

Back 70

Nose to trachea to bronchial tubes to alveoli

Front 71

When the diaphragm contracts

Back 71

Inspiration occurs

Front 72

What decreases pulmonary function?

Back 72

Age, smoking, pollutants and irritating chemicals

Front 73

What structures make up the Central Nervous System (CNS)

Back 73

Brain and spinal cord

Front 74

What structures make up the Peripheral Nervous System?

Back 74

PNS - cranial and spinal nerves that extend beyond the the CNS

PNS is divided into the sensory - somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.

Front 75

What structures make up the sensory somatic nervous system

Back 75

12 pairs of cranial nerves; 31 pairs of spinal nerves and associated ganglia

Front 76

How fast does transmission from neuron to neuron happen?

Back 76

90 meters/second

Front 77

What does intrinsic factor do?

Back 77

Increases stomach's absorption of vitamin B12

Front 78

Which remains in the stomach longer, fat or carb - laden chyme?

Back 78

Fat stays in the stomach longer

Front 79

Which hormones do the small intestine secrete?

Back 79

Secretin, which triggers bicarbonate release from the pancreas to neutralize the acidity of the stomach

And cck which initiates bile release from the gallbladder, decreasing motility and acid production in the stomach

Front 80

Natural Killer cells are part of what line of defense and do what?

Back 80

Innate, nonspecific, second line of defense. Produce perforins (pore-producing proteins), that target cancer and virus cells, causing them to lyse.

Front 81

The body's response to viral infection which prevents replication of virus after 7 to 10 days

Back 81

Interferons

Front 82

What activates NK cells and macrophages?

Back 82

Interferons

Front 83

Diapedesis

Back 83

WBC'S slide through capillary slits in response to cytokines and are guided to site of injury by CAMs

Front 84

Adaptive Reponses

Back 84

3rd line of defense. Specific. Includes humoral/antibody mediated immunity and cellular immunity

Front 85

What kinds of light (primarily) reach earth from the sun?

Back 85

Visible lig jt, ultraviolet and xray

Front 86

What are electomagnetic waves and what's the spectrum

Back 86

Waves of radiation characterized by electric and magnetic fields

Long to short:

Radio

Microwave

Infrared

Roygbiv

Ultraviolet

Xray

Gamma

Front 87

What drives weather and climate conditions on earth?

Back 87

The sun

Front 88

What is a major source of biomass on earth?

Back 88

Organic (carbon based) compounds which are products of photosynthesis, driven by solar energy

Front 89

Formula and units for kinetic energy

Back 89

KE (joules) = (1/2) mv^2

M is mass in kg

V is velocity in m/s

Front 90

Potential energy, formula and units

Back 90

PE (joules) = mgh

M is mass in kg

G is gravity constant (use 10m/s^2)

H is height in meters

Front 91

Symbolic 4-step process of catalystic reactions

Back 91

1) X + C > XC

2) XC + Y > XYC

3) XYC > CZ

4) CZ > C + Z

Front 92

Examples of catalytic reactions in nature

Back 92

Biological processes

Fusion within a star's core

Production of 90% of commercial chemical processes

Front 93

The breakdown of hydrogen peroxide uses what kind of catalyst?

Back 93

A manganese dioxide catalyst.

2(H2O2) > 2 (H2O) + O2

Front 94

Describe a reaction in catalytic converters

Back 94

Carbon monoxide is broken down using rhodium and platinum.

CO + 2NO > 2(CO2) + N2

Front 95

How is ozone broken down?

Back 95

Ozone is broken down by chlorine ions from chlorofluorocarbons in the upper atmosphere.

Cl + O3 > ClO + O2

Front 96

What is the basis of petroleum feul?

Back 96

Saturated hydrocarbons

Front 97

What is the basis of organic chemistry?

Back 97

The study of hydrocarbon structure

Front 98

Hydrocarbons are abundant...

Back 98

Food, feul, plastic, even in the solar system.

Lakes of liquid methane and Ethane have been discovered on Saturn's largest moon.

Front 99

What are 3 important types of redox reactiona?

Back 99

Metabolism (cellular respiration)

Photosynthesis

Combustion

Front 100

When oxygen forms water it is ____

Back 100

When oxygen forms water it is reduced.

reduced.

reduced.

Front 101

When propane is burned (propane plus oxygen) to form water and carbon dioxide, which reactants is oxidized and which reduced?

Back 101

Propane is oxidized to form carbon dioxide

Oxygen is reduced to form water

Front 102

In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and water form glucose and oxygen. Redox?

Back 102

Yes, carbon dioxide is reduced to glucose and water is oxidized to form oxygen

Front 103

A base and an acid neutralize each other and produce what?

Back 103

Water and a salt.

NaOH + H2SO4 > H2O + Na2SO4

Hint 103

An example

Front 104

What is the result of electrolysis on water?

Back 104

Water splits into its gaseous components

Front 105

At what temperature is the maximum density of water? What is its density at that point?

Back 105

4 celcius. 1g/mL

Water has a 0 C melting point and a 100 C boiling point at standard pressure.

Front 106

At higher than sea level, the boiling point of water is...

Back 106

Lower.

At 29000 above sea level it is 68 degrees celcius

Front 107

Kelvin Scale

Back 107

Defined by an absolute zero reference point. 0K = -273 C

Standardized by the triple point of water (273.16K = 0.01C), the temperature and pressure at which ice, water and steam coexist

Front 108

What has the second highest specific heat after ammonia.

Back 108

Water at 4.184j/gC (the amount of energy needed to raise one gram of water one degree celcius)

Front 109

What allows water to undergo minor temperature changes relative to its environment?

Back 109

The high specific heat of water.

Front 110

What acts to moderate Earth's climate?

Back 110

Water due to its high heat of vaporization

Front 111

What is a biproduct of star formation?

Back 111

Water! It is heavily concentrated on comets and other planets

Front 112

Latent heat

Back 112

The amount of energy necessary for a phase transition at a fixed temperature.

Generally more energy is required to go from liquid to gas than solid to liquid

Front 113

Heat

Back 113

Flow of energy due to a difference in temperature

Front 114

Evaporation

Back 114

Conditions: high heat, low humidity, fast movement of surrounding air mass

Cause: physical collisions at the surface layer, removing more energetic atoms from the liquid

Result: cooler system

Front 115

Vaporization

Back 115

Phase transition from liquid to gas by breaking physical bonds within the liquid.

Heat of vaporization (H) necessary depends on the mass and latent heat (L). Adding H will cause a phase transition from liquid to gas through boiling.

Front 116

Heat of vaporization

Back 116

H = M × L

Mass (g)

Latent heat (cal/g)

Liquid to gas H is positive

Gas to liquid H is negative (remove heat from the system)