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141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Adjective
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a descriptive word that modifies a noun or pronoun
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Adverb
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a word that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb and indicates when, how, where, why, or how much
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commonly end in -ly
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Article
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a word that is used to limit a noun, either indefinite (a and an) or definite (the)
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Clause
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a group of words that are related and contain both a subject and a verb
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Direct object
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the noun or pronoun that receives that action of the verb and answer the question whom, or what
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Noun
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a word for a person, place, or thing
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Object of the preposition
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the noun, pronoun, phrase, or clause to which the preposition refers
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Phrase
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a group of words that are related but do not contain a verb and a subject together
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Possessive pronoun
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a pronoun used to indicate ownership
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first person - (singular) mine and my, (plural) our and ours
second person - (singular) your and yours, (plural) your and yours third person - (singular) her, hers, his, and its, (plural) their and theirs |
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Preposition
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a word such as by, at, to, or from that gives additional information, usually in relationship to something else in the sentence
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The boy can sit ON the box, BY the box, ABOVE the box, BELOW the box, AROUND the box, or NEAR the box.
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Pronoun
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a word that replaces and refers to a noun
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Subject
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a noun or pronoun that performs the action of the verb. If a sentence contains a verb of being or a linking verb such as be, feel, become, or look, the subject of the sentence is the noun or pronoun being described.
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Verb
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a word that shows an action or a state of being
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Auxiliary verb
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the use of a verb to add functional or grammatical content in addition to that information expressed via the main verb of the construction in which it appears
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have is the auxiliary verb in have been
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Antecedent
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the noun that a pronoun refers back to
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Gendered language
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language that specifies male or female gender using words such as he or she
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Frequently, people will use they or them as a singular pronoun to avoid using gendered language. This practice is increasingly common, but considered incorrect in most writing guides.
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Indirect dialogue
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tells about what someone said
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Direct dialogue
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tells exactly what someone said rather than telling about it
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Attributive tag
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part of a sentence that indicates who said a direct quote
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Point of view
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the perspective from which an author writes
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First person
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perspective in which the narrator is the one speaking, evidenced by the use of the first person pronoun I or we
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Third person
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perspective in which the narrator is distanced from the story and tells it as an outsider; third-person pronouns such as he, she, or they
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Second person
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perspective in which the writer directly addresses the reader using the pronoun you
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Coordinating conjunctions
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words that join two or more words, phrases, or clauses so that each conjoined element is equal. The coordinating conjunctions are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so (FANBOYS).
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Subordinating conjunction
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a word that joins two or more clauses and makes the clause that contains it dependent on another clause, and therefore of slightly less importance; there are many subordinating conjunctions, but some common ones are because, though, although, while, if, and as if
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Nominalization
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changing a verb, adverb, or adjective to a noun
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Active verbs
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verb that shows an action performed by the subject of the sentence
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Audience
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the person or people who will be reading the piece of writing
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Passive verb
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comprised of be plus a past participle that shifts the action of a sentence from the subject to the object
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Definition - clue context
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the definition of the unfamiliar word is given in the sentence.
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Ex. In his woodworking, he used a type of file known as a RASP.
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Description - clue context
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a description of the unfamiliar word is given in the sentence
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Allen is a MALCONTENT; he is constantly changing jobs, moving to different apartments, and trading in cars. He complains and expresses his dissatisfaction with every aspect of life.
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Example - clue context
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examples of the unfamiliar word are given in the sentence
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The menu listed such DELICACIES as frog legs, octopi, and chocolate-flavored worms.
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Synonym - clue context
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a synonym of the unfamiliar word is given in the sentence
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The OPHTHALMOLOGIST, or eye doctor, prescribed eyedrops.
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Antonym - clue context
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an antonym of the unfamiliar word is given in the sentence
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Unlike the sophisticated life in the city, life in Scottsville was a QUAINT existence.
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Comparison - clue context
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a comparison is used in the sentence that helps give meaning to the unfamiliar word
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Elliott is wealthy and generous as is his father, who is a PHILANTHROPIST.
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Contrast - context clue
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the unfamiliar word is contrasted to known words or phrases
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The instructor would often DEVIATE from the topic, rather than remain focused on the subject he introduced at the beginning of the lecture.
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Explanation - context clue
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the unfamiliar word is defined in the sentence through an explanation of a situation
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He was awarded a degree POSTHUMOUSLY; he died a month before graduation.
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Word structure
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the way in which the parts of a word are arranged together
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Etymology
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the history of a given word or its origin
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Root word
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a word in its simplest form, before any affixes are attached
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Prefix
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a group of letters added to the beginning of a word that modifies or extends the word's meaning
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Suffix
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a group of letters added to the end of a word that modifies or extends the word's meaning
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Prefix
un- |
not
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unavailable, unarmed, unattractive
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Prefix
re- |
again
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reacquaint, readjust
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Prefix
in- |
not
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invisible, inaccurate
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Prefix
dis- |
not
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disorganized, disagreeable
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Suffix
-ia, -y |
state or condition
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amnesia, democracy
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Suffix
-ic, -ical, ac- |
having to do with
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endoscopic, physical, cardiac
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Suffix
-ism |
belief in
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nationalism, activism
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Suffix
-ology |
the study of
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archeology, bacteriology
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Suffix
-or, er |
one who takes part in
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conductor, reporter, fighter
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Root
arch |
ruler
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archenemcy, tetrarch, hierarchical
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Root
audio |
sound
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audiovisual, audiocassette
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Root
bio |
life
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biochemistry, biodegradable
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Root
chrom |
color
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monochrome
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Root
geo |
earth
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geometry, geode, geologic
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Root
graph |
written
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biographic, calligraphy, mimeograph
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Root
morph |
form
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endomorph, isomorphic, morphine
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Root
ortho |
correct
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orthodontia, unorthodox
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Root
ped |
foot
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backpedal, millipede
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Root
terra |
earth
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terrace, terrarium, extraterrestrial
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Root
therm |
heat
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exothermal, endothermic, geothermal
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Simple sentence
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a sentence that contains only one clause that has a complete meaning
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Independent clause
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a clause that has a complete meaning
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Dependent clause
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a clause that is made dependent or incomplete because of the addition of a subordinating conjuction
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Complex sentences
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a sentence that contains one or more dependent clauses
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Verbal
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a word that is sometimes a verb but not acting as a verb in a particular sentence
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Compound sentence
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a sentence containing two (or more) independent clauses joined together with a coordinating conjunction or a semicolon
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Paragraph
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a group of sentences that forms a cohesive whole due to its similar topic or theme
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Topic sentence
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generally at or near the beginning of a paragraph; gives the topic or point of the paragraph and often explains that topic in relation to the overall theme of the writing
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Transition
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smooth movement from one idea to the next, from one sentence to the next, or from one paragraph to the next
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transition words include additionally, finally, similarly, next, however, and furthermore
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Support
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examples and details that explain the topic of a paragraph; follows the topic sentence
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Periodic sentence
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independent clause is delayed until the end of the sentence and is often preceded by parallel strings of modifiers
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Cumulative sentence
(loose sentence) |
contains an independent clause followed by a parallel string of modifiers; modifiers may be adjectives, prepositional phrases, or dependent clauses
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ie and ei words
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i before e, except after c- or when sounded like a as in words neighbor and weigh
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Suffixes for words ending in e
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If a word ends in a silent e and the added suffix BEGINS WITH A CONSONANT, then keep the letter e when adding the suffix.
If added suffix BEGINS WITH A VOWEL, then drop the letter e when adding the suffix |
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Suffixes for words ending in y
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If a word ends with a y PRECEDED BY A VOWEL, keep the y adding a suffix.
If a word ends with a y PRECEDED BY A CONSONANT, change the y to an i before adding a suffix. |
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Suffixes for words ending in a consonant-vowel-consonant pattern
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If a word has ONE SYLLABLE and ends with a consonant-vowel-consonant pattern, then double the final consonant before adding a suffix that begins with a vowel.
If a word has MORE THAN ONE SYLLABLE, BUT THE ACCENT IS ON THE LAST SYLLABLE, then double the final consonant before adding a suffix that begins with a vowel. |
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Suffixes for words ending in c
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If a word ends in a c and a suffix beginning with e, i, or y is added, then the letter k should be inserted following the letter c.
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Words ending in -ceed, -sede, and -cede
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In English there are four words that end in -ceed, and one word that ends in -sede. Other words with the same sound end in -cede.
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-ceed
emceed exceed proceed succeed -sede supersede -cede accede antecede concede intercede recede retrocede |
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Words ending in -able or -ible
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If the ROOT WORD IS A COMPLETE WORD, then add -able. (If the ROOT ENDS IN E, drop the e before adding -able.)
If the ROOT WORD IS NOT A COMPLETE WORD, then add -ible. |
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Words ending in -ance, -ancy, -ant or -ence, -ency, -ent
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If the SUFFIX IS PRECEDED BY A HARD C OR G SOUND, then the suffix is -ance, -ancy, or -ant.
If the SUFFIX IS PRECEDED BY A SOFT C OR G SOUND, then the suffix is -ence, -ency, or -ent. |
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Words ending in -tion, -sion, or -cian
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If the ROOT WORD ENDS IN -T, then the suffix -tion can be added.
If the ROOT WORD ENDS IN -S, then the suffix -sion can be added. If A WORD NAMES A PERSON, then it should end in -cian. |
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affect
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verb - to have an effect on
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effect
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noun - something that is brought about by a cause
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ascent
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noun - a slope that angles upward
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assent
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noun - agreement
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all ready
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adjective - everyone or everything is ready
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already
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adverb - by this time
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all together
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adjective - everyone in a group
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altogether
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adverb - entirely, completely
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altar
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noun - a structure used in worship
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alter
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verb - to change
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bear
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verb - to carry or support
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bare
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verb - to expose
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capital
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noun - a leading or governing city
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capitol
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noun - a building that houses a state's lawmakers
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cite
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verb - to use as an example; to quote
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site
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noun - a location
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complement
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noun - an element that completes
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compliment
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noun - a remark of appreciation
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council
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noun - a body of people assembled for advice
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counsel
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noun - advice
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descent
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noun - a slope that angles downward
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dissent
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noun - disagreement
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dying
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verb - ceasing to live
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dyeing
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verb - coloring a fabric
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forth
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adverb - forward in place or time
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fourth
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noun - the element in a series that is next after the third element
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principal
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noun - chief or leader
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principle
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noun - a belief or a rule of conduct
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stationary
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adjective - not moving
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stationery
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noun - paper for writing letters
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their
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adjective - belonging to them
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they're
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contraction of they are
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there
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adjective - in that place
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to
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preposition - indicates movement or intent
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too
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adverb - also
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two
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adjective - something that has two units
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whose
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adjective - belonging to whom
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who's
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contraction of who is
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your
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adjective - belonging to you
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you're
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contraction of you are
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Capitalize geographical locations
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such as cities, continents, counties, countries, islands, peninsulas, beaches, bodies of water, mountains, streets, parks, forests, canyons, dams, sections of the country or world, city streets, parks, and buildings
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Capitalize the cardinal direction and their compounds when they refer to particular regions
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Ex. West Canada
the South |
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Capitalize the names of specific organizations, companies, institutions and government bodies
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Spanish Club (organization)
Ford Foundation (company) University of New Mexico (institution) Department of Defense (government body) |
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Capitalize the names of historical events or documents, months, days of the week, special events, and calendar items.
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French Revolution (historical event)
Atlantic Pact (historical document) August (Month) Sunday (day of the week) World Series (special event) Christmas Eve (calendar item) |
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Capitalize the names of nationalities, races, and religions
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Turkish (nationality)
African-American (race) Muslim (religion) |
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Capitalize the names of monuments, ships, planes, and awards
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Longfellow Monument (monument)
Mayflower (ship) Purple Heart (award) |
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Capital proper names and titles of rank or honor
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Dr. Larry Smith
General Marcus Clark President Lincoln J. Weston Walsch Reverend John Thompson Queen Elizabeth |
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Capitalize words showing family relationship when they are parts of titles or when they can be substituted for proper nouns
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Uncle Elson
Cousin Li Aunt Margaret |
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Capitalize the main words in the titles of books and poems, plays, articles, musical compositions, chapters of books, etc.
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the New York Times (newspaper)
A Tale of Two Cities (play) Computers for Dummies (book) Moonlight Sonata (musical composition) |
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Capitalize words referring to specific deities
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Lord
Savior Messiah Shiva Yahweh Shango Osiris Allah |
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Capitalize the first word in every line of poetry and the first word of a complete quotation
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Twinkle, twinkle little star,
How I wonder what you are. Mr. Jackson said, "You will always remember your high school days with fond recollection." |
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Capitalize the names of season only if they are personified or are part of a specific event. Otherwise, they are not capitalized.
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(1) "Heralded in trumpet blare, comes Spring across the threshold in scented frock and maiden hair."
(2) My favorite season is summer. (3) I can't wait for the Winter Olympics. |
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Ellipses [...]
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used to suggest hesitation, attempts to conceal something, signal a trailing or unfinished thought, indicate difficulty in directly expressing oneself, or denote the omission of part of an original material within a quotation
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Commas [,]
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Any two words or phrases in a series of three or more should be separated by a comma.
When a dependent clause precedes an independent clause in a complex sentence, a comma should separate the two. The introductory words yes and no should be set apart by commas. Nonrestrictive phrases and nonrestrictive clauses (groups of words that do not contain information that is necessary to interpreting that meaning of the sentence) should be offset by commas. Use commas to separate a quotation from interrupting text. A comma should be used to separate a city from state. In text, a comma should also follow the state. Commas should be used within dates to separate two textual elements or two numerical elements that appear next to each other. |
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Semicolons [;]
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A semicolon may be placed between two related, independent clauses.
Use a semicolon to precede conjunctive adverbs, such as however or therefore, that connect sentences elements of equal rank. When a sentence contains a series of elements that contain one or more commas, the division between the elements should be marked with a semicolon. |
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Colons [ : ]
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A colon should be used to herald something that is to immediately follow an independent clause. Often, this information comes in the form of a list.
The colon should be used to separate the hour from the minute when expressing standard time. A colon should follow the salutation of a formal letter. A colon should be used between the title and subtitle of a book. A colon should be used between the title and subtitle of a book. A colon can be used between two independent clauses if the second explains, expands upon, or illustrates a point made in the first |
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Hyphens [ - ]
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Use a hyphen to divide a word at the end of a line when it is necessary for stylistic purposes and the entire word will not fit on one line. If this must be done, words should be divided between syllables and writers should avoid leaving fewer than three letters on either line. If possible, hyphenated words should be divided at the hyphen.
Use hyphens with spelled-out compounds numbers from twenty-one to ninety-nine if they function as adjectives. Use hyphens with fractions that are spelled out and used as adjectives. A hyphen should be used to join any prefix to a proper adjective or noun. Although many prefixes do not require the use of hyphens, there are some prefixes that should always be hyphenenated. Consult style guides for individualized, complete lists. Hyphenate a compound adjective when it precedes the word it modifies and when doing so helps to clarify. Use a hyphen to prevent confusion or awkwardness. |
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Parentheses [ ( ) ]
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Parantheses are used to enclose supplementary or explanatory material that interrupts the main sentence.
If the material inside of a pair of parentheses is a question, then a question mark should be inserted within the parentheses. If the material is an exclamation, an exclamation point should be inserted inside within the parentheses. This applies regardless of where the parentheses are located within the sentence. If the material withing a pair of parentheses is a complete sentence that is not located within another sentence, a period should be added before the closing parenthesis. |
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