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327 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
circulatory system
-consists of heart, blood, and blood vessels
-supports circulation and distribution of substances throughout the body
-oxygen, hormones, and nutrients for instance
digestive system
-starts from mouth, to the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, and anus
-small intestines absorb nutrients
-large intestines absorb water from waste
-liver produces bile, which help break down fats
-pancreas delivers enzymes to the small intestine which aid in digestion
endocrine system
-controls bodily functions
-glands in the endocrine system secrete hormones from organs such as the pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary, thalamus, adrenal, thymus, and thyroid
integumentary system
-consists of skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nails
-protects internal tissues from injury, waterproofs the body, and helps regulate body temperature
-serves as a barrier to pathogens
lymphatic system
-consists of lymph nodes, lymph vessels that carry lymph, the spleen, the thymus, and tonsils
-supports the immune system by transporting white blood cells to and from lymph nodes
muscular system
-consists of skeletal muscles, tendons that connect muscle to bone, and ligaments that connects bones to form joints
nervous system
-consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
-sensory receptors detect stimuli that can occur both inside and outside the body
-nervous impulses are extremely fast, giving protection to withdraw from the stimuli before the message gets to the brain
reproductive system
-main purpose is to produce offspring
-consists of the penis, testis, ovaries, vagina, and breasts
-produce sperm for men, and produce eggs for women
respiratory system
-keeps the body supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the body
-consists of the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
-alveoli are tiny sacs in the lungs
skeletal system
-provides support and protection for the body
-consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints, all used in conjunction with muscles to create movement
-storage for minerals such as calcium and phosphorus
urinary system
-helps maintain water and electrolyte balance within the body
-regulate the acid-base balance of the blood
-removes all nitrogen-containing wastes in the body
anatomical position
a standard position in which the body is facing forward, the feet are parallel to each other, and the arms are at the sides with the palms facing forward
superior
toward the upper end of the body
inferior
toward the lower end of the body
anterior
toward the front of the body
posterior
toward the back of the body
medial
toward the middle of the body
lateral
toward the outer sides of the body
intermediate
between medial and lateral
proximal
close to the origin of the body part
distal
away from the origin of the body part
superficial
toward or at the body surface
deep
away from or below the body surface
sagittal section
cut made along a longitudinal plane dividing the body into right and left parts
midsagittal section
sagittal section made down the median of the body
transverse section
cut made along a horizontal plane to divide the body into upper and lower regions
frontal section
cut made along a longitudinal plane that divides the body into front and back regions
dorsal body cavity
contains the cranial cavity and spinal column
ventral body cavity
contains all the structures within the chest and abdomen
adaptation
receive, interpret, and respond to internal and external stimuli via the nervous system
circulation
transport oxygen and other nutrients to tissues via the cardiovascular system
elimination
remove metabolic wastes from the body via the renal system
locomotion
allow voluntary and involuntary movement of body via the musculoskeletal and neurological systems
nutrition
take in and break down nutrients to be used for metabolism via the digestive system
oxygenation
take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide via the respiratory system
regulation
hormonal control of body functions via the endocrine system
self-duplication
production of offspring via the reproductive system
ways in which the organ systems interact
1. maintaining boundaries
2. responding to environmental changes
3. moving
4. ingesting and digesting
5. growing
6. excreting
7. metabolizing
heart
organ that contracts and pumps blood throughout the body
arteries
blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart to the capillaries
veins
blood vessels that transport blood from the capillaries back to the heart
capillaries
tiny blood vessels that transport blood from arteries to veins within the body
describe the pathway of the respiratory system
-air is inhaled through the nose into the trachea, passing into the right and left bronchial tubes
-air then travels into the alveoli
-the oxygen is then transported by red blood cells into the bloodstream
lungs
breathing in oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide
cilia
hairs within the bronchial tubes, which keep the airways clean by removing unwanted matter from the lungs
diaphragm
abdominal muscle that contracts, pulls air into the lungs during inspiration
inspiration
the act of taking in oxygenated air
expiration
when the diaphragm relaxes, carbon dioxide is forced out of the body
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord (nervous system)
peripheral nervous system
cranial and spinal nerves that extend beyon the CNS
autonomic nervous system
controls automatic body functions, like heartbeat and digestion. includes sympathetic nerves and sympathetic nerves
sympathetic nerves
active when a person is excited or scared
parasympathetic nerves
active when a person is eating or at rest
sensory-somatic nervous system
consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves and associated ganglia
ganglia
collections of nerve cell bodies. controls voluntary actions, like talking and walking
dendrites
nerve cells that receive stimuli from the internal and external environment and bring those stimuli to the neurons for interpretation
neurons
specialized cells that make up the nervous system and transmit messages
axon
connects one neuron with another neuron over a fluid filled gap called a synapse
synapse
fluid filled gap that connects one neuron with another neuron
stimuli
maintains homeostasis within the body
sensory neurons
sensors that are on body parts that receive stimuli such as the face, fingers, and toes
reflex
when the body senses pain, the body withdraws from it. it sends a message to the spinal cord, which sends a message to the muscle before it sends a message to the brain
sensory function
feeling pain, heat, and other stimuli
motor function
serves to carry electrical impulses from the CNS to the effectors
effectors
glands and muscles
integrative function
uses sensory information to make decisions by joining together sensory input with memories already stored within the brain
peristalsis
rhythmic contractions that propel food towards the colon and anus
digestion
the mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods
enzymes
chemicals that break down proteins, carbohydrates, and fats into nutrients that can be absorbed through the wall of the intestine into the bloodstream
salivary amylase
enzyme from the parotid salivary glands that begins chemical digestion of carbohydrates
chyme
the mixture of food, chemicals, and enzymes in the stomach
pyloric sphincter
releases chyme from the stomach into the small intestine
duodenum
releases two hormones: secretin and CCK
secretin
triggers release of bicarbonate, which neutralizes the stomach acid entering the duodenum
bicarbonate
neutralizes the stomach acid entering the duodenum
cholecystokinin (CCK)
released from the duodenum, initiates bile release from the gallbladder
gallbladder
decrease motility and acid production
villi/microvilli
increases the surface area within the small intestine, helps in absorption
colon
absorption of water, formation of feces
mouth
the digestion of carbohydrates begins in the...
peristalsis
the propulsion of food through the GI tract
immune system
composed of both innate and adaptive defenses that are designed to protect the body from pathogens and other foreign invaders
pathogens
foreign invaders
phagocytosis
engulfing of pathogens by white blood cells
perforins
produced by natural killer cells that target cancer and virus cells
lyse
to rupture
interferons
body's response to a viral infection and prevent replication of the virus after 7 to 10 days
chemotaxis
method by which the leukocytes respond to damaged body tissues
leukocytes
white blood cells
cytokines
chemical messengers that are released by damaged tissues
diapedesis
the process of white blood cells squeezing through capillary slits in response to cytokines
antibodies
produced that are specific for the invading antigen
antigen
binds to B cells followed by binding with T-helper cells
B cells
types of lymphocytes or small leukocytes
vaccine
stimulates an actual infection by a pathogen
T cells
lymphocytes that triggers the action of other lymphocytes
artificially acquired active immunity
kind of immunity that is produced by a vaccine
the physiological benefit of a mild to moderate fever
enhances destruction of pathogens
fertility rates
the average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years, which occur between the ages of 15 and 44
less developed
fertility rates are higher in this type of country
religion, culture, economy, government, literacy, infant mortality rates, abortions, accessibility of family planning
these are the following factor that may affect birth rates
crude birth rate
defined by the number of births per 1000 people per year
crude death rate
defined by the number of deaths per 1000 people per year
immigration
the act of an individual moving into a region or country to live
emigration
the act of an individual moving out of one region or country to live in another
the 8 levels in the taxonomy hierarchy
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
Charles Darwin
the first to study and write about species adaptation...discovered natural selection
natural selection
occurs when some individuals of a species are better able to survive in their environment and reproduce than others
genes
stretches of DNA on a chromosome that provide information for an organism's characteristics
mutations
changes in the DNA that affect the way a gene functions
adaptation
the concept that some individuals of a species are better able to survive and adapt to the environment in which they live
deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA
ribonucleic acid
RNA
nucleic acids
to store and transmit hereditary information
nucleotides
a nucleic acid that consists of a pentose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
pentose
a type of sugar
phosphate group
a molecule in the backbone of DNA and RNA that links adjoining bases together
nitrogenous base
a molecule found in DNA and RNA that encodes the genetic information in cells
adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil
the five types of nitrogenous bases
purines
adenine and guanine that have two rings
pyrimidines
thymine and cytosine that have one ring
transcription
a process where cells that copy the instructions in the DNA into RNA and send the messenger RNA to the ribosomes
translation
the process of protein production from messenger RNA
prokaryotic
this type of cell can exist independently of other cells
cell wall
a rigid layer that helps separate the inside and outside of the cell, and an inside plasma membrane that is semipermeable, allowing certain substances in and out of the cell as needed
cytoplasm
rich protein fluid with gel-like consistency that houses organelles
organelles
tiny organs
nucleoid
this organelle condensed DNA of the cell
plasmids
these organelles are small, circular portions of DNA not associated with the nucleoid
ribosomes
these organelles manufacture proteins for the cell from the RNA messages
flagella
long and whip-like and project outward from the cell
endoplasmic reticulum
a tubular transport network within the cell
golgi apparatus
involved in the packaging and transport of proteins in the cell, including protein secretion
vesicles
these organelles are small membrane-bounded sacs within the cytoplasm
vacuole
basic storage unit of the cell that can hold various compounds
lysosome
this organelle contain digestive enzymes that are capable of disposing of cellular debris and worn cellular parts
peroxisome
this organelle functions to rid the body of toxic components, such as hydrogen peroxide
mitochondria
these organelles are the powerhouses of the cell because they are the location where the cellular fuel ATP is produced
microtubules
these organelles are cellular tracks that, during mitosis, form the mitotic spindle
centrosomes
microtubule-organizing centers that help to form and organize the mitotic spindle during mitosis
nucleus
a very large organelle in the central portion of the cell that is enclosed by a double membrane with pores in it...the control center of the entire cell
nucleolus
organelle that has a small body within the nucleus and functions to produce ribosomes that get moved to the cytoplasm to make cell proteins
chloroplasts
organelles that contain chlorophyll
chlorophyll
part of the chloroplast that allows the capture of sunlight to be used for production of glucose during photosynthesis
false...the mitochondria is the site of ATP production in cells
true or false...the nucleus is the site of ATP production in cells
cytoplasm
which of the following is present in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
a) golgi apparatus
b) endoplasmic reticulum
c) mitochondrion
d) cytoplasm
nucleoid, nucleus
in prokaryotic cells, the DNA is located in the ___, and in eukaryotic cells, the DNA is found in the ___
chromosomes
these organelles contain sections called genes
genes
these contain information that specifies the production of proteins, which send messages within the cell and to other cells in the form of a code
protein
chain of amino acids
chromosomes, genes
___ are large structures of DNA that contain the ___, the blueprints for making an individual
DNA
the central dogma of biology states that ___ gives rise to RNA, which gives rise to protein
embryo
an animal or a plant in the early stages of development after fertilization
-to form an embryo, a fertilized egg begins dividing and becomes a mass of cells called a zygote

-gastrulation occurs, in which individual tissue layers begin to form

-the genes of each cell regulate the process of differentiation during all stages of development
how do you form an embryo?
stem cells
these are produced as the process of differentiation occurs with cells in the developing embryo but can also occur in adults
true
true or false...cellular differentiation may occur in a developing embryo or in an adult
hypothesis
an explanation formulated to answer the questions being investigated
1. identify the problem: observe and determine the problem to be investigated
2. ask questions: ask questions and attempt to formulate a solution to the problem
3. formulate a hypothesis: involves making predictions that follow from the initial statement of the problem
how do you form a hypothesis?
1. problem identification
2. question asking
3. hypothesis development
4. data collection and experimentation
5. analysis
6. conclusion
list the six parts of a scientific argument
subjective bias, results cannot be duplicated, etc.
how does a scientific argument change over time?
1. investigations are conducted to identify potential problems and to create solutions to those problems before they actually occur
2. the results of an investigation may also be of great value if existing procedures fail to solve a technical problem
identify two reasons for conducting scientific investigations
-the growth and use of the internet, to be able to share information across the globe and nationwide
describe how mathematics and science have increased communication in the corporate world
deductive reasoning
a method whereby conclusions follow from general principles
inductive reasoning
a method of arriving at general principles from specific facts
1. organism
2. organ systems
3. organs
4. tissues
5. cells
6. molecules
7. atoms
list the hierarchy of the structure of the human body
epithelial tissue
this type of tissue serves two functions: it can provide covering or produce secretions
false...epithelial tissue does NOT have its own blood supply
true or false...epithelial tissue commonly exists in sheets and has its own blood supply
simple epithelium
this type of epithelial tissue is found in body structures where absorption, secretion, and filtration occur
stratified epithelium
this type of epithelial tissue serves as protection
squamous, cuboidal, and columnar
list the shapes of epithelial cells
connective tissue
this type of tissue serves to connect different structures of the body...has its own blood supply
true
true or false...connective tissue, like ligaments, do not have its own blood supply
bone, cartilage, adipose, and blood vessel
list the various types of connective tissue
muscle tissue
this type of tissue serves to producing movement
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
list the three types of muscle tissue
skeletal muscle
this type of muscle tissue supports voluntary movement since it is connected to bones in the skeletal system
smooth muscle
this type of muscle tissue is under involuntary control...is found in the walls of hollow organs, like intestines, blood vesels, bladder, and uterus
cardiac muscle
this type of muscle tissue is involuntary and is only found in the heart
nervous tissue
provides structure for the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
nerves
this is made up of specialized cells called neurons that send electrical impulses throughout the body
mitosis
the process of cell duplication in which two daughter cells receive exactly the same nuclear material as the original cell
interphase
the S phase, G1, and G2 are all classified as what phase?
during the G1 and G2 phases, the cell's DNA is available for transcription into RNA, which is necessary for the cell machinery to be able to make proteins and perform other cellular functions
what happens during the gaps between mitosis and DNA synthesis (G1 and G2)
G1 phase
-during this interphase, the DNA double helix unwinds to expose the bases
-RNA bases pair w/ their complementary partners on the DNA to form the messenger RNA strand
S phase
during this interphase, the DNA double helix unwinds w/ the help of enzymes
-this breaks the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs and separates the bases from their complementary partners, but does not remove the base from the backbone of their half of the double helix
G2 phase
-during this interphase, this includes continued protein synthesis and cell growth in preparation for cell division
true
true or false...there are three steps of the cell cycle during interphase
gametes
cells that form a new organism via sexual reproduction
meiosis
-the process by which gametes reduce their DNA content
-only occurs in gametes or fertilized eggs
diploid cells
cells that contain two sets of chromosomes
haploid cells
cells that contain a single set of chromosomes
homologous chromosome
in a diploid cell, each individual chromosome has a twin chromosome, almost identical in size, function, and genes
chromatids
chromosomes that have both copies of the individual chromosome attached at one spot
metaphase plate
plate that chromosomes with their sister chromatids line up on
cytokinesis
in mitosis, ____ begins at this point, separating the two sets of chromosomes into different cells
prophase
the spindle fibers form and the centrioles moves to opposite sides of the cell. the nuclear membrane disappears
metaphase
the chromosomes align midway along the spindle fibers
anaphase
the chromosomes begin to separate from their daughters. cytokinesis begins
telophase
identical sets of chromosomes are at opposites ends of the cell. spindle fibers disappear, nuclear membranes reappear, and cytokinesis completes
prophase 1
homologous chromosomes condense and link in the process-forming tetrads
metaphase 1
homologous chromosomes move to the metaphase plate
anaphase 1
homologous chromosomes separate, but the sister chromatids stay together
telophase 1
cytokinesis has occurred and two haploid daughter cells are the result
prophase 2
a brief stage in which spindle fibers begin to reappear and centrioles move to opposite poles
metaphase 2
sister chromatids align at a new metaphase plate
anaphase 2
sister chromatids separate again
telophase 2
four haploid cells result after cytokinesis
diploid, haploid
during meiosis, a ___ cell will give rise to four ___ cells
false...gametes take part in meiosis only to bring genetic variability
true or false...mitosis and meiosis occur in all type of cells
photosynthesis
the process by green plants, green algae, and certain bacteria, in which the energy from sunlight is trapped by the green pigment chlorophyll and used for synthesis of glucose
chlorophyll
this part of the plant traps energy from sunlight and used for synthesis of glucose
autotroph
an organism that is able to produce its own food
heterotroph
an organism that cannot produce their own food
cellular respiration
glucose is broken down by the process of glycolysis, which transfers some of the energy in glucose to ATP
chloroplasts
a new type of algae has been discovered. to determine whether or not this algae is an autotroph, the scientists should observe for which of the following?
chloroplast, chlorophyll
the organelle in plants that allows photosynthesis to occur is the ___, which contains the chemical ___ to trap energy from the sun
codon
code that is composed of three of the bases
amino acid, amino acid
each codon matches to a specific ___. a chain of this then forms ___
genes
chromosomes contain stretches of DNA called ___, which contain the information that controls particular traits for an individual
true
genetic traits are expressed through the actions of proteins
genome
a complete set of DNA for an individual that contains all genes
1. errors during DNA replication or 2. via a mutagen
mutations in the genome occur primarily by two mechanisms:
mutagen
a substance that induces mutation
DNA polymerase
an enzyme used to speed up the process of DNA synthesis
DNA polymerase
this enzyme performs proofreading of the newly synthesized strands
DNA polymerase
if it recognizes a mispairing of bases, it attempts to correct the problem by insertion of the proper base
mismatch repair
this repair mechanism scans over the DNA to find any mismatches of bases...used as a backup to DNA polymerase
excision repair
this repair mechanism inspects the DNA for certain substances capable of damaging DNA and attempt to repair it
DNA polymerase
name the major enzyme responsible for DNA replication in cells
true
DNA in gametes is the DNA passed on to future generations
phenotypes
the physical expressions of genetic traits
genotype
an organism's underlying genetic makeup or code
genotypes, phenotypes
___ are the entire set of genes in organisms, while ___ are the characteristics and traits that are expressed by those genes
phenotype
different coat colors between cat breeds are examples of genotype or of phenotype?
punnett square
graphical way to show all the possible combinations of alleles given the two parents' genotypes
Gregor Mendel
scientist who began researching how characteristics of pea plants were passed to offspring from parent plants in the 1800s
homozygous
when both parents give the offspring the same allele
heterozygous
when each parent gives the offspring a different allele for a particular trait
incomplete dominance
when the dominant and recessive genotypes interact to produce an intermediate phenotype, a mix of the two traits
light-years
the distance that light will travel within 1 year of time
electromagnetic waves
waves of radiation that are characterized by electric and magnetic fields
gamma ray, x-ray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave, and radio waves
order the forms of electromagnetic radiation from short to long wavelengths
red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet
order the 7 visible forms of electromagnetic radiation from short to long wavelengths
Joules/calories
energy and its ability to do work which is quantified in this unit of the metric system called___
kinetic energy
energy of motion
Law of Conservation of Energy
energy is not lost but rather transferred back and forth between KE and PE
matter
anything that takes up space and has mass
elements
substances that cannot be broken into simpler types of matter
protons
positively charged subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom
atomic number
serves as an ordering device for the periodic table
neutrons
neutral subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom
electrons
negatively charged subatomic particles found in various energy levels (orbital shells) around the nucleus
chemical reaction
a dynamic event that alters the chemical makeup of an atom
ion
positively or negatively charged atom
mass number
total number of protons and neutrons found within the nucleus of an atom
atomic mass
the average mass of all of the known isotopes of an element
charge
an atom's ___ refers to the positive or negative distribution within it
isotopes
atoms with the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons
catalysts
control the rate of chemical reactions, or reactions in which atoms react to come to a stable state
promoters
reaction rates may be increased by the use of ___
inhibitors
reaction rates may be reduced by the use of ___
substrate
the molecular surface acted upon by an enzyme
activation energy
this is also used to increase reaction rates
Henry Moseley
scientist who proposed that the periodic table be modified such that elements would be arranged by atomic number rather than atomic mass
orbital shells
the arrangement of electrons within orbits around the nucleus
valence electrons
electrons in the outermost shell of an atom that remain the same
chemical bonding
the chemical merging of atoms due to their electron arrangements
increases, decreases
within a given family on the periodic table, atomic radii ___ while electronegativity ___
metals
elements that donate highly conductive electrons to their environment
globular proteins
proteins that are water soluble
pH
a measure of hydrogen ion concentration within a solution
substrate
a molecular surface acted upon by an enzyme
metabolic pathways
chemical reactions with a cell
true
true or false...enzymes act as the catalysts for special chemical reactions within the human body
false...enzymes participate in thousands of such reactions, despite being selective
true or false...enzymes participate in a limited number of chemical reactions throughout the human body
true
enzymes act to lower the activation energy of chemical reactions
true
true or false...an enzyme can reshape itself when placed in contact with a substrate
true
true or false...the amino-acid structure of an enzyme is important to its function
acidic solutions
solutions with a pH value less than 7
basic solutions
solutions with a pH value greater than 7
pure H2O at 25 Celsius
this solution is recognized as the standard of neutrality between acids and bases because it has a pH value of 7.0
larger
since a larger number of hydrogen ions is associated with an acid than a base, the activity value for acids will be ___ larger for acids than bases
ionic
the electrical attraction between ions of opposite charges
covalent
sharing of electrons between atoms
alkanes
saturated hydrocarbons, basic structure of the hydrocarbons
saturated
carbon is completely connected
saturated hydrocarbons
these compounds are composed entirely of single bonds and are saturated
saturated hydrocarbons
general formula for ___ is CnH2n+2
unsaturated hydrocarbons
have one or more double or triple bonds between carbon atoms
alkenes
an unsaturated hydrocarbon with one double bond with the general formula CnH2n
alkynes
an unsaturated hydrocarbon with triple bonds with the general formula CnH2n-2
isomers
a given formula may possess two or more molecular structures known as ___
organic chemistry
the basis of ___ is connected with the study of hydrocarbon structure
metalloids
elements that may accept or donate electrons readily, and possess a mixture of metallic and nonmetallic properties
cation (most of the time, a metallic ion)
positive ion
anion (most of the time, a nonmetallic ion)
negative ion
electronegativities
similar attractions for electrons
Lewis structures
this structure provides visual representations of covalent bonding between atoms of a molecule
hydrogen exists as pairs because the atom is unstable on its own. a covalent bond is necessary
why does hydrogen gas exist as H2 and never just H?
2
regarding the Lewis structure for sulfur (S), how many unshared pairs of electrons will sulfur have?
reactants
formulas on the left side of the reaction sign that are substances consumed or altered in the chemical reaction
products
the substances formed as the results of a chemical reaction, located to the right of the reaction sign
oxidation
this involves electron donation to produce a more positive ion
reduction
this involves electron acceptance to produce a more negative ion
metabolism
refers to the chemical reactions in living organisms that are necessary to maintain life
acid
any compound with a hydrogen ion activity greater than water (pH < 7)
base
any compound with a hydrogen ion activity less than water (pH > 7)
water and salts
this solution acts to neutralize the pH
false...pH neutralization is an important ACID-BASE reaction
true or false...pH neutralization is an important oxidation-reduction reaction
true
true or false...metabolism is an important oxidation-reduction reaction
false...combustion is an important OXIDATION-REDUCTION reaction
true or false...combustion is an important acid-base reaction
false...photosynthesis is an important OXIDATION-REDUCTION reaction
true or false...photosynthesis is an important acid-base reaction
polar molecule
a molecule that possesses both positive and negative atomic structure
electrolysis
the energetic input from ___ can chemically split the liquid water molecule into gaseous components
density
the ratio of mass per volume for a substance
Celsius
a metric temperature scale that is defined (at standard temperature) by the melting point of ice (0 degrees C) and the boiling point of liquid water (100 degrees C)
Kelvin
this scale is alternately used to express temperature
triple-point
the temperature and pressure at which water will coexist as a solid, liquid, and gas
specific heat
the energy required to raise one unit of mass of a substance
heat of vaporization
the amount of heat necessary to cause a phase transition between a liquid and a gas
0 degrees K = ___ degrees C
-273
false...water serves as the standard of pH and has a value of 7
true or false...water serves as the standard for H and has a value of 6
true
true or false...water is used as the standard density at 4 degrees Celsius
false...no standard electronegative value exists for water
true or false...water has the standard electronegative value on the periodic table
true
true or false...the Kelvin temperature scale is based on water's triple-point
6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy -> C6H12O6 +6O2
the chemical equation for photosynthesis
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
the chemical equation for cellular respiration