Teas Scientific Reasoning

Front 1

Scientific Investigations

Back 1

involve critical thinking
establish sound procedures in a variety of areas
conducted to identify potential problems and to create procedures for emergency situations. This proactive approach can save lives.

Hint 1

If existing procedure fails to solve problem. Which can lead to new solutions not previously considered. Leading to radically new designs that improve the quality of life.

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quantitative

Back 2

numerical

Front 3

Scientific Method Order

Back 3

1. Problem Identification
2. Question Asking
3. Hypothesis Development
4. Data Collection and Hypothesis
5. Analysis
6. Conclusion

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hypothesis

Back 4

explanation formulated to answer the questions being investigated

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Steps for forming a hypothesis

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1. Identify the problem
2. Ask questions
3. Formulate a hypothesis

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Data Collection Steps

Back 6

1. Observation
2. Measurement
3. Samples
4. Organization

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Experimentation

Back 7

Involves comparing a control group to an experimental group.

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deductive reasoning

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when conclusions follow a general principle.

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inductive reasoning

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when conclusions are formed from specific facts.

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anatomy

Back 10

study of the structure of organs and body systems

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physiology

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the study of the function of the organs and body systems

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atoms

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smallest parts of elements that still retain all the original properties of the element

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molecule

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a chemical bonding of atoms that posess its own characteristics independent of the atoms themselves

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Cells

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formed when specific molecules combine together.

basic unit of all life

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Tissues

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cells combine in terms of function and type to form tissues.

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Organ

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2 or more tissues collaborate to perform a specific function

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Organ system

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When organs work together to complete a specific task

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organism

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highest level of organization... happens when organ systems work together within the body

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4 Tissue Types

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1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Muscle
4. Nervous

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Epethelial Tissue Functions

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1. Provide covering
2. Produce secretions

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Characteristics of Epethelial Tissue

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Exists in sheets
Does not have a blood supply
Regenerates easily

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Epethelial Tissue Categorization

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1. Number of cell layers
2. Cell Shape

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Simple Epethelium

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1 layer of cells
Found in body structures where aborption, secretion, and filtration occur.

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Shapes of epethilial cells

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squamous
cuboidal
columnar

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Stratified Epithilium

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more than one layer of cells
serves as protection

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Connective Tissue

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Connects different structures of the body
Usually has its own blood supply (excep. ligaments)

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Types of Connective Tissue

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bone
cartilage
adipose (fat)
blood vessel

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Muscle Tissue

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Produces movement

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Three types of muscle tissue

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skeletal
cardiac
smooth

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Skeletal Muscle

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support voluntary movement since it is connected to the skeletal system.

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Smooth Muscle

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Involuntary control
Found in hollow organs such as intestines, blood vessels, bladder, uterus.

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Cardiac Muscle

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involuntary
only found in the heart

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Nervous Tissue

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Provides structure for the brain, spinal cord and nerves.

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Nerves

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composed of neurons that send electrical impulses throughout the body.

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Myelin

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Protects the nervous tissue

Front 36

Circulatory System
(what it includes)

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AKA cardiovascular system
Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

Front 37

Digestive System
(what it includes)

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Includes all the organs from the mouth to the anus that involve the ingestion and breakdown of food.

Front 38

The _______ system manufactures enzymes that break down food so that the _______ can be easily passed into the blood for use throughout the body.

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digestive, nutrients

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Where does absorption of nutrients take place?

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small intestine

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Parts of the small intestine

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duodenum
jejunum
ileum

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Function of Liver

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Produce bile that breaks down fats

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Function of Pancreas

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Delivers enzymes to the small intestine that aid in digestion.

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Endocrine System
fx

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Serves to control body functions.
Glands in the endocrine system secrete hormones that travel through the blood to organs throughout the body.

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Integumentary System
(what it includes)

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Consists of skin, mucus membranes, hair and nails.

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Integumentary System
fx

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protects internal tissues from injury, waterproofs the body, and helps to regulate body temperature.
Serves as a barrier to pathogens.

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Lymphatic System
(what it includes)

Back 46

lymph nodes
lymph vessels that carry lymph
spleen
thymus
tonsils

Front 47

Lymphatic Stystem
fx

Back 47

Supports the immune system by housing and transporting white blood cells to and from lymph nodes.
Returns fluid that has leaked from the cardiovascular system back into the blood vessels.

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Muscular system
(what it includes)

Back 48

skeletal muscles
tendons
ligaments

(cardiac and smooth muscles are NOT included in this organ system)

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Tendons

Back 49

connect muscles to bones

Front 50

Ligaments

Back 50

attach bones together to form joints

Front 51

Nervous System
(what it includes)

Back 51

brain
spinal cord
nerves

Front 52

Nervous System
fx

Back 52

bodies control system

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Reproductive System
fx

Back 53

Produce offspring

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Reproductive System
(what it includes)

Back 54

testes
penis
ovaries
vagina
breasts

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Respiratory System
fx

Back 55

Keeps the bodies cells supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide as it is released from cells.

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Repiratory System
(what it includes)

Back 56

nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs

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Alveoli

Back 57

tiny air sacs within the lungs.
Through the walls of the alveoli oxygen and carbon dioxide move in and out of the lungs through small blood vessels called arterioles.

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Skeletal System
fx

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provides support and protection for the body and its organs
Supplies a framework that when used in conjunction with the muscles creates movement.
Serves as a storage system for minerals such as calcium and phosphorous.

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Skeletal System
(what it includes)

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bones
cartilage
ligaments
joints

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Urinary System
fx

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helps maintain the water and electrolyte balance within the body
Regulates the acid-base balance of the blood
Removes all nitrogen-containing wastes from the body.

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Anatomical position

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a standard position in which the body is facing forward, the feet are parralel to each other and the arms are at the sides with the palms facing upward.

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Superior

Back 62

toward the upper end of the body

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Inferior

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toward the lower end of the body

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Anterior

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toward the front of the body

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Posterior

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toward the back of the body

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Medial

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toward the middle of the body

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Lateral

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toward the outer sides of the body

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Intermediate

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between medial and lateral

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Proximal

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close to the origin of the body part or point of attachment

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Distal

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away from the origin of the body part or point of attachment

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Superficial

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toward or at the body surface

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Deep

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away from or below the body surface

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Sagittal Section

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cut made a longitudinal plane dividing the body into right and left parts

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Midsagittal Section

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saggital section made down the median of the body

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Transverse Section

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cut made along the horizontal plane to divide the body into upper and lower regions

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Frontal section

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Cut made along a longitudinal plane that divides the body into front and back regions

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Dorsal Body Cavity

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contains the cranial cavity and spinal column

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Ventral Body Cavity

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contains all the structures within the chest and abdomen; diaphragm divides the ventral cavity into the thoracic cavity (superior to the diaphragm); below the diaphragm are the abdominal and pelvic cavities

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Adaption

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receive, interpret, and respond to internal and external stimuli via the nervous system

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Circulation

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transport oxygen and other nutrients to tissues via the cardiovascular system

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Elimination

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remove metabolic wastes from the body renal system

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Locomotion

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allow voluntary and involuntary movement of the body via the musculosketal and neurological systems

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Nutrition

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take in and break down nutrients to be used for metabolism via the digestive system

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Oxygenation

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take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide via the repiratory system

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Regulation

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hormonal control of body functions via the endocrine system

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Self-Duplication

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production of offspring via the reproductive system

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Maintaining Boundries

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The cells in the human body are eukaryotic cells, which means they are surrounded by a membrane as are organelles inside the cells. The membrane, which is semipermeable, allows some substances to pass through while restricting others. The integumentary system that surrounds the entire body protects it from environmental stimuli and pathogens.

Front 88

Responding to Environmental Changes

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The human body has the ability to sense and repond to environmental stimuli, both voluntarily and involuntarily. An individual's ability to physically move away from danger is an example of a voluntary response. The hand's ability to withdraw from painful stimuli before the brain percieves the pain is an example of an involuntary reflex response.

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Moving

Back 89

The primary purpose of muscular tissue is to support movement of the body. The muscular system moves the bones in the skeletal system and this movement is voluntary. The muscular tissues in the cardiovascular, digestive, reproductive, urinary, reproductive, urinary, and respiratory systems also support movements and this movement is involuntary.

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Ingesting and Digesting

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The organs in the digestive system work to remove nutrients from food in the digestive system, the waste that remains is excreted from the body using organs in both the digestive system amd the urinary system.

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Reproducing

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reproductive system plays a key role in reproduction, and hormones regulate this process.

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Growing

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Growth occurs due to changes in several body systems.
The skeletal and muscular systems change shape. The digestive system removes needed nutrients from food. The cardiovascular system transports these nutrients to the cells. The endocrine system releases hormones that signal when and how much growth should occur.

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Excreting

Back 93

Once nutrients have been removed from food in the digestive system, the waste that remains is excreted from the body using organs in both the urinary and digestive system.

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Metabolizing

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Metabolizing is the use of energy by cells as a result of chemical reactions within the cells. The digestive and respiratory systems supply the nutrients and oxygen that the body needs to support metabolism. The blood distributes these materials throughout the body and hormones secreted by the glands of the endocrine system regulate the body's metabolism.

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Circulatory System
fx

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It supports the circulation and distribution of various substances throughout the body.

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homeostasis

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when all the needs of the body are met and all the organ systems are working properly, the body is in a stable state

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heart

Back 97

contracts and pumps blood throughout the body. Rhythmic contractions of the heart enable blood to be transported throughout the body.

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arteries

Back 98

blood vessels that transport blood from the capillaries back to the heart

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capillaries

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tiny blood vessels that transport blood from arteries to veins within the body.
Also serve as the location for the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, fluid, and nutrients within the body.

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4 Chambers of the heart

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Right atrium
Left atrium
Right ventricle
Left ventricle

Front 101

4 Valves of the Heart

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Prevent the flow of blood back into the heart's chambers after a contraction.
Tricuspid (R)
Pulmonary (R)
Mitral (L)
Aortic (L)

Front 102

Flow of blood through the heart

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Deoxygenated blood enters the heart through the superior and inferior vena cava. The blood travels into the right atrium and, during the contraction of the atrium, flows through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. The blood is pushed through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery and lungs when the right ventricle contracts. Here, it picks up oxygen. The oxygenated blood is then carried back to the heart (by the pulmonary veins), into the left atrium, through the mitral valve, and into the left ventricle. Contraction of the left ventricle forces the blood through the aortic valve, through the aorta, and out to the body.

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lungs
fx

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breathing in oxygen
exhaling carbon dioxide

Front 104

The respiratory system supplies the body with _______ and removes _______.

Back 104

oxygen, carbon dioxide

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It is through the walls of the ______ that oxygen and carbon dioxide move in and out of the capillaries in the lungs.

Back 105

alveoli

Front 106

Inspiration

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Act of taking in oxygenated air

Front 107

Expiration

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When oxygen is forced out of the body

Front 108

Central Nervous System

Back 108

brain
spinal cord

Front 109

Peripheral Nervous System

Back 109

cranial and spinal verves that extend beyond the CNS

Front 110

Autonomic Nervous System

Back 110

controls body functions, like heartbeat and digestion

Front 111

Sympathatic nerves

Back 111

active when a person is excited or scared

Front 112

Parasympathetic nerves

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active when a person is eating or at rest

Front 113

sensory-somatic nervous system
(what its made of)

Back 113

12 pairs of cranial nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves
ganglia (collections of nerve cell bodies)

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sensory-somatic nervous system
fx

Back 114

controls voluntary actions like talking and walking

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dendrites

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recieve stimuli from the internal and external environment... take stimuli to neurons

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neurons

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specialized cells that make up the nervous system and transmit messages

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axon

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connects one neuron with another neuron over a fluid filled gap called a synapse