Teas Life Science

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Eight levels of taxonomy hierarchy (From largest to smallest)

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Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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Natural Selection

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Process in which individuals of a species carrying certain mutations are better able to survive and reproduce in their natural environment. (Survival of the fittest)

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Stretches of DNA on a chromosome that provide information for an organisms characteristics

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Genes

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2 or more different forms of a certain gene

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Alleles

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Adaptations

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increase from generationto generation of alleles of genes that allows a species to survive in their environment

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nucleic acids

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chain of nucleotides

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nucleotide

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molecule that consists of a pentose (type of sugar), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

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DNA base pairs

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A-T , C-G

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process of cells copying the instructions from the DNA into the RNA

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Transcription

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RNA base pairs

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A-U , C-G

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Translation

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process of sending out proteins to entire cell by messenger RNA.

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Prokaryotic cells contain:

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cell wall, nucleoid, oranelles, plasmids, ribosomes and flagella

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Eukaryotic cells contain:

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E.R., Golgi apparatus, vesicles, mitochondria, microtubles, ribosomes, nucleus, nucleolus

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Plants contain:

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Chrloroplasts, which are organelles that contain chlorophyll.

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______ contain sections called genes.

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chromosomes

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Genes contain ...

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information that specifies the production of proteins.

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A chain of Amino acids is?

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protein

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_____ are large structures of DNA that contain the _____, the blueprints for making an individual.

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chromosomes, Genes.

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_____ determines what cell type each cell will become.

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differentiation

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To form an embryo, a fertilized egg begins dividing and becomes a mass of cells called a ?

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zygote

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The process of cell duplicaion in which two daughter cells receive exactly the same nuclear material as the original cell.

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Mitosis

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interphase

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G1, S, G2

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Stages of mitosis

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Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

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mitosis occurs among cells of the ...?

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skin, liver, and other ogans in the digestive system

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The process by which gametes reduce their DNA content

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meiosis

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Stages of meiosis

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Prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1.
Prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2.

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cells that contain 2 sets of chromosomes

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Diploid cells

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Haploid cells

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Cells that contain 1 set of chromosomes.

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cytokinesis

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separating the two sets of chromosomes into different cells.

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During meiosis, a _____ cell will give rise to four _____ cells.

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diloid, haploid

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cellular respiration

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process in which glucose is used to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

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by products of cell respiration

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water and carbon dioxide

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codon

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Group of three nucleotides on RNA or DNA that encodes for a single, specific amino acid.

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one gene matches to ...

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one protein

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each codon matches to a specific ...

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amino acid

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a chain of amino acids then forms a ...

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protein.

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(TRUE or FALSE) Genetic traits are expressed through the actions of proteins.

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True

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chromosomes contain stretches of DNA called _____, which contain the information that controls particular traits of an individual.

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genes

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when both parents give the offspring the same allele

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homozygous

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when each parent gives the offspring a different allele for a particular trait

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heterozygous

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punnett square

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shows possible combinations of alleles given the two parents' geneotypes

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a complete set of DNA for an individual that contains all genes

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Genome

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a mutagen is ...

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a substance that induces mutations.

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2 mechanisms that cause mutations

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errors during DNA replication or a mutagen.

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an enzyme used to speed up the process of DNA synthesis

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DNA polymerase

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mismatch repair

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mechanism that scans over the DNA to find any mismatches of nitrogenous bases

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mechanisms inspect the DNA for types of damge and attempt to repair it

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excision repair.

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reproductive cells that give rise to sperm and ovum

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Germ cells

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Name the major enzyme responsible for DNA replication in cells

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DNA polymerase

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the physical expressions of genetic traits

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phenotypes

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organism's underlying genetic makeup or code

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genotype

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_____ are the entire set of genes in organisms, while _____ are the characteristics and traits that are expressed by those genes.

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genotypes; phenotypes