Teas Cell Structure

Front 1

Cell

Back 1

Basic unit of life

Front 2

Cell Theory

Back 2

-All cells arise from preexisting cells.
-Cells can carry out the processes of life.
-Organisms are madeof cells that function together.

Front 3

Prokaryote cells

Back 3

-Single-celled organisms such as bacteria.
-Does NOT have a nucleus.
-All have a cell wall.

Front 4

Eukaryote cells

Back 4

Multi-cellular organisms such as plants and animals.

Front 5

DNA

Back 5

-Deoxyribonucleic Acid
-Carries the genetic code

Front 6

Nucleus

Back 6

-Responsible for the activities of the cell regarding DNA, including the transcription of DNA to messenger RNA
-Has its own membrane which allows for the passage of materials and proteins needed for DNA replication.

Front 7

Ribosomes

Back 7

-Responsible for the production of proteins.
-Can be free or bound to the outer membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum

Front 8

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Back 8

-Two types: Smooth & Rough
-Rough has ribosomes attached to the outer surface
-Rough produces proteins
-Smooth works to transport proteins out of the cell

Front 9

Golgi Bodies

Back 9

-Modifies and packages proteins
-take on the process of exocytosis so materials can be secreted from the cell

Front 10

Lysosomes

Back 10

-"suicide sacs of the cell"
-digests proteins
-uses its digestive enzymes to break down parts of the cell that are no longer needed

Front 11

Vacuoles

Back 11

Sacs in cell that store materials for later use

Front 12

Mitochondria

Back 12

-"powerhouses" of cell
-produce energy needed for life
-Carry out aerobic respiration
-Have an inner and outer membrane
-Folds in the inner membrane called cristae are packed with proteins for the electron transport chain to function so that mitochandria can continuously produce ATP

Front 13

Chloroplasts

Back 13

-Present in plants
-Contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis

Front 14

Cytoskeleton

Back 14

-provide shape and structure to the cell with microtubule fibers made of protein

Front 15

Cilia/Flagella

Back 15

Located outside of the cell making it possible for cell to move

Front 16

Cell membrane

Back 16

-Contains hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions to keep wqater in and out of the cell
-Selectively permeable
-Has proteins for transport
-Has carbohydrates for cell identification

Front 17

Cell Wall

Back 17

-Present in plant cells
-Cellulose-containing
-Helps give the plant cell rigidity

Front 18

Diffusion

Back 18

Particles naturally move from area of high concentration (a tea bag) to area of low concentration (boiled water)

Front 19

Give two examples of substances that can diffuse through the membrane based on their concentrations both inside and outside the cell.

Back 19

Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide

Front 20

Osmosis

Back 20

-Water diffuses across a membrane
-By doing so the water dilutes a solution that is inside or outside of a cell in an attempt to equalize the concentrations

Front 21

Isotonic Solution

Back 21

-the concentration inside and out the cell are the same

Front 22

Hypotonic Solution

Back 22

-the solution outside the cell has a lower concentration of solutes than the solution inside the cell.
-water moves from the outside solution into the cell in an attempt to dilute the concentrations in the cell
-causes the cell to swell and/or burst

Front 23

Hypertonic Solution

Back 23

-outside solution has higher concentration of solute than the cell
-water leaves the cell in an effort to dilute the outside solution
-causes the cell to shrivel and shrink

Front 24

Passive Transport

Back 24

-transportation that occurs from a high concentration to a low concentration naturally ane without any additional energy input

Front 25

Active Transport

Back 25

-takes place when materials need to be moved from an area of low concentration to one of higher concentration
-because this works against the natural process, the cell must use energy

Front 26

Organic & Inorganic molecules

Back 26

-needed for life to carry out its functions

Front 27

Organic

Back 27

- carbon-based
-include lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids

Front 28

Inorganic

Back 28

- without carbon
-include ions, iron, calcium, water

Front 29

Water

Back 29

-universal solvent
-can dissolve a range of substances that are polar

Front 30

Polar

Back 30

contain ions

Front 31

Cohesive Forces

Back 31

-forces between the same molecules

Front 32

Adhesive Forces

Back 32

-forces between different molecules

Front 33

Carbohydrates

Back 33

-organic compunds that contain carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
-major sources of energy in the body

Front 34

Monosaccharides

Back 34

-simplest sugars
-ex. Glucose and fructose

Front 35

Dehydration Synthesis

Back 35

-combination of monosaccharides to form disaccharides and starches occurs with the removal of water via this method

Front 36

Hydrolysis

Back 36

-Opposide of Dehydration Synthesis
-larger starches (polysaccharides) have water added to break them down into simple sugars used by cells

Front 37

Proteins

Back 37

-carbon, hydrogen,oxygen, & nitrogen
-long chains of amino acids joined via a dehydration synthesis

Front 38

Peptide Bond

Back 38

The bond formed from the reaction of the amine group of one molecule reacting with the caroxylic acid group of another amino acid to form a dipeptide.

Front 39

Enzymes

Back 39

-complex proteins that function to regulate the rate at which reactions occur
-catalysts that aim to lower the amount of energy it takes for a reaction to occur

Front 40

Lipids

Back 40

-made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (very little oxygen in comparison to carbohydrates)
-made from the dehydration synthesis of a glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules
-a fat chain containing all single bonds is classified as saturated fat
-a fat chain containing a double bond is classified as unsaturated
-stored by the body as an energy reserve
-can provide about twice as much energy per gram as proteins or carbs
-can also provide insulation preventing heat loss

Front 41

Nucleic Acids

Back 41

-building blocks of DNA and RNA (ribonucleic acid)
-contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, along with nitrogen and phosphorus atoms as well
-each contains a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogen base
-the phosphate group are what join the nucleic acids in a chain
-the nitrogen bases can pair up with a complimentary base to form the double-stranded DNA