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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the levels of athleticism?
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Elite
Competitive Developmental Recreational Fitness Non-athletic |
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Describe elite, competitive, recreational, developmental, and fitness athletes
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elite- world class, professional, DI, DII, or DIII (only a small percentage of DI are elite)
competitive- DI, DII, DIII, traveling (could be HS) developmental- skill-driven recreational- fun is central (intramural, neighborhood activities) fitness- health and well being |
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What factors combine to make an elite athlete?
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Genetics (height, weight, fiber distribution, capacity for work)
Environment Injuries |
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What factors make up a competitive athlete?
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Genetics
Environment (culture) Capacity for work |
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What factors make up a recreational athlete?
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Love for the game
Socialization Concept of team Activity based |
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What factors make up a non-athlete?
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Lack of coordination
Non-competitive Low capacity for work |
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What are some general factors that contribute to maximizing potential and increased performance?
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Genetics (growth pattens)
Environment (coaching area, home) Facilities Sport IQ |
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What are some physical contributions to Enhanced Performance & Maximizing Potential?
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Nutrition • Injuries • Weather |
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What are some psychological contributions to Enhanced Performance & Maximizing Potential?
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Climate control athletes • Work capacity • Helicopter parents • Life’s events – Relationships – Random life events |
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What are some physical training contributions to Enhanced Performance & Maximizing Potential?
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Conditioning – Taper – Over-Reaching – Over-Training |
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What are some Contributions to Diminished Performance?
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Pre-mature success • Sense of Rightship • Lack of Motivation • Losing • Team Breakdown • Loss of Purpose • Under-training • Over-training • Detraining • Nutrition • Injury • Sickness |
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What is the number one cause of injury?
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Fatigue
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What is the number one cause of fatigue?
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Improper conditioning
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Dfine fatigue
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Muscle fatigue is when continued stimulation of a skeletal muscle over an extended period of time results in the strength of the contraction becoming progressively weaker which results in diminished performance.
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What are the components of fatigue?
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-Energy systems
-Accumulation of metabolic by-products (lactate) -Nervous system (neural fatigue- failure of a neuron to fire) -Failue of fiber's contractile mechanism (injury) -Environmental stress (heat, humidity) -Illness (anemia or iron deficiency...) |
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What are some methods used to delay to onset of fatigue?
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What factors is performance dependent on?
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Muscle capacity • Lactate threshold • Gross mechanical efficiency • Neural motivation |
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What are some genetic and performance limitations?
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What are some performance enhancers/limitations that have unlimited adaptation?
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What percentage of female athletes have iron deficiency?
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Over 90%!!!
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What are some nutritional factors in fatigue?
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Low blood sugar, low supply of muscle glycogen, dehydration, and excess loss of minerals may contribute to fatigue
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Describe Oxidative Muscle Fibers (Type I)
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Slow-oxidative fibers • Large amounts of oxidative enzymes • High mitochondrial volume • Rich capillary supply • High concentration of myoglobin |
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Describe the kinds of Type II muscle fibers (fast twitch/white fibers)
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Type IIa: fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG) • Type IIx (formally b-thought to be found only in animals) : fast glycolytic (FG) • Type IIc (sometimes referred to IIx): transition fiber |
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How are type II fibers different from type I fibers?
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Describe Type IIa fibers
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5-times more powerful than Type I fibers • Intermediate fibers • Fast oxidativeglycolytic • Very adaptable fiber |
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Describe Type IIx fibers
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Produces twice as much power (force at speed) as Type IIa • Produces 10x more power than Type I • Maximal shortening velocity • Quickest to fatigue • Strength training will result in muscle hypertrophy • Highest rate of injury |
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What are the physiological training effects on type I fibers?
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- increased size and # of mitochondria
-decreased lactic acid production -increase myoglobin content -increase lipid utilization -decrease rate of glycogen depletion -increase efficiency of oxygen extraction from blood |
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What are the physical effects of training on type I fibers?
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-improved SV
-lower resting HR -increased VO2max -increased load on bone -better body composition -better running economy -mechanical improvement in movement |
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What are the Physiological Training Effects on Type IIa Muscle Fibers?
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-Increased oxidative capabilities (just like type I)
-increased glycolytic enzymes/activity -able to remove waste products more quickly |
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What are some physical training effects on type IIa muscle fibers?
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-Increased anaerobic threshold
-Increased lactate tolerance -Improved muscle endurance -Improved speed endurance -Many others similar to Type I |
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What are some physiological training effects on type IIx fibers?
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-Neural adaptations (increased motor unit recruitment and synchronization)
-Hypertrophy (of myofibril) |
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What are some physical training effects on type IIx fibers?
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-Increased strength
-Increased muscle size -Increased power -Increased load on bone and resulting adaptations |
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ATP PCr system- how is it depleted?
what is the value of this system? |
5-10 sec of all-out exercise
provides energy really quickly! |
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what is the process that breaks down muscle glycogen?
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glycolysis
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lactic acid system (anaerobic glycolysis system)- how long does it last? how much ATP is produced?
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can provide energy rapidly for 30-120 sec
produces little ATP lactate is a by product |
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describe the oxygen energy system
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large qualtities of ATP are produced ONLY when oxygen is present
cannot support strenuous exercise provides energy for aerobic activites like 5K or 10K |
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at rest, where do you get your energy?
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40% carbs
60% fat |
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what is the primary source of energy for sport performance?
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carbos!!! except for super elite events=fats
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