Tcp/ip Protocols

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TCP and UDP

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Transmission Control Protocol and User Datagram Protocol- the 2 primary protocols used to Transport data across a network

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TCP

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Starts data transmission with an established session using a 3-way handshake process

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UDP

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Transmits data using a best-effort method with no session

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TCP 3-way handshake process

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1. SYN 2. SYN/ACK 3. ACK (session now established, data is transmitted)

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TCP sliding window

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The number of segments that can be sent at a time

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Cyclical redundancy check (CRC)

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An error-checking process used to verify that the data in each segment is intact

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NACK

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Negative acknowledge packet, sent when a segment or part of a segment is corrupt or missing; causes the sending computer to retransmit the segments in the sliding window

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Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

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Uses broadcast transmissions to identify the MAC address of computers

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To access ARP

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Cmd prompt -> arp -a

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Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

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Defines how files on the WWW are formatted, transmitted, and rendered in web browsers

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Hypertext Transfer Protocol over SSL (HTTPS)

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HTTP that uses Secure Socket Layers to encrypt data transmissions over the WWW

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Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

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The Internet standard for formatting and displaying documents on the Internet

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Encryption protocols

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Scramble plain text into cipher text

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File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

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Used to upload/download files to and from computers on the Internet (uses TCP)

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Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)

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A scaled-down version of FTP that uses UDP instead of TCP

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Telnet

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A command-line interface that allows bidrectional communication within a network

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Secure Shell (SSH)

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An encryption protocol that creates a secure encrypted session that can be used by other protocols; has replaced Telnet in many applications

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Remote Desktop Services (RDS)

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Used on Microsoft Windows servers to host applications or entire desktops that are accessible to users on a network

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Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)

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An encryption protocol used to provide confidentiality, integrity, and authentication with digital certificates

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Confidentiality

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Protecting secret data from unauthorized disclosure (often through encryption)

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Integrity

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Protects data from being modified by unauthorized users (often by checking the data at different points)

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Authentication

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Protects data by granting or denying access after a user/computer's identity has been verified

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Transport Layer Security (TLS)

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An encryption protocol that provides security through confidentiality, integrity, and authentication; designed to replace SSL

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Digital certificate

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A file stored on a computer that helps verify the entity's identity, and helps with encryption and integrity

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Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)

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Has several elements that support digital certificates

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Certificate Authority (CA)

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An organization or service that issues, manages, and validates digital certificates

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Internet Protocol Security (IPSec)

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An encryption protocol used by both IPv4 and IPv6 that uses an authentication header (AH), encapsulating security protocol (ESP), and ensures data integrity

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Tunnel Mode (IPSec)

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Encrypts the entire packet (data and headers); used by VPNs

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Transport Mode (IPSec)

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Encrypts only the data (not the headers); used within internal networks

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Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

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The primary protocol used to deliver email over the Internet (b/w SMTP servers) and within internal networks

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Post Office Protocol v3 (POP3)

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A common protocol used to retrieve email from an email server (POP3); typically removes the email once received

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Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP4)

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A common protocol used to retrieve email from an email server (IMAP4), commonly used on internal networks since it retains email messages

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Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)

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The protocol used to query directories such as Microsoft's Active Directory Domain Services; uses plain text by default

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Domain directory

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A database of objects such as users, computers, and groups

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Disk drive folders

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Directories found only on disk drives (nothing to do with LDAP)

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Secure Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (SLDAP)

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LDAP that uses SSL or TLS and digital certificates to protect data from sniffers

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Kerberos

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The primary authentication protocol used within a Microsoft domain (part of Active Directory); developed by MIT; issues time-stamped tickets encrypted with symmetric cryptography

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Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP)

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A VPN protocol that provides a secure connection over a public network (such as the Internet)

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Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)

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A management protocol used to manage network devices such as routers and switches

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Internet Group Multicast Protocol

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A protocol used for multicast transmissions for IPv4 that uses Class D multicast addresses

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Multicast Class D IPv4 addresses

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224.0.0.0-239.255.255.255

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Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

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A core protocol used to send error messages and to communicate the availability or unavailability of services