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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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After its establishment in 1998, ICANN operated under a series of Memoranda of Understanding (MoU) and
later a Joint Project Agreement (JPA) with the US Department of Commerce. In 2009, these arrangements were replaced by |
an Affirmation of Commitments, which greatly increased the independence of ICANN
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The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
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is a not-for-profit corporation established in California with the mission to coordinate domain names and
related technical standards |
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The Internet Governance Forum (IGF) was established at WSIS in Tunis. IGF
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provides policy recommendations to ICANN
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In 2009, ICANN introduced a process that will allow the creation of internationalized domain names (IDNs),
domain names that may use scripts such as Chinese, Arabic, and Russian. (T or F) |
True
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The privatization of the Internet backbone started
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when government funding for NSFNET expired in 1995
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The following is a sponsored global top-level domain name.... .edu .uk or .arpa
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.edu
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According to the Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy (UDRP)
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a registrar should not cancel, suspend, or transfer a disputed domain name until a dispute is settled by
agreement, court decision, or arbitration |
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In 2003 and 2005, the UN convened two global conference dealing, among other issues, with Internet
governance. These were called (WSIS) |
World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)
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Interconnection agreements among operators of backbone networks are
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negotiated commercially without government regulation
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According to Section 230 of the Communications Act of 1934 as amended, the Internet in the U.S. shall evolve
“_____ by Federal or State Regulation” |
unfettered
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According to FCC rules for radio and television, "indecent" material
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can be broadcast between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m.
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The following would be an act of censorship:
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the mandatory review of a program by the FCC for undesirable language before it is broadcast
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To be considered “obscene” a broadcast must, taken as a whole, appeal to the prurient interest of an average
person applying contemporary community standards, and depict in a patently offensive way sexual conduct specifically defined by applicable state law. In addition, is must, taken as a whole ______. |
lack serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value
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Violence on U.S. television is generally
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not prohibited unless it is also considered obscene.
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The U.S. Supreme Court reviewed the constitutionality of indecency regulation in the Pacifica case. In its
decision, upholding the power of the FCC to regulate, the Court emphasized: |
radio spectrum scarcity
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The Fairness Doctrine required that broadcasters had to
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provide reasonable coverage of contrasting views on controversial issues
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If a television station grants use of its facilities to a legally qualified candidate for a political office it has to
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grant competing candidates comparable access at the lowest unit charge
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On weekends, during children’s programming, broadcasters and cable service providers have to limit
advertising to |
10.5 minutes
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Obscene speech is protected by the First Amendment during the safe harbor hours (10 pm through 6 am). (T or F)
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True
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The Cable Act of 1992 allowed cable operators to
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refuse to transmit programs that contain nudity
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According to the Copyright Act of 1976 as amended, copyright lasts
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for the life of the author plus 70 years
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To qualify as “fair use” according to the Copyright Act of 1976, a use of protected material must
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not significantly affect the market value of a copyrighted work
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To win a copyright infringement lawsuit the plaintiff has to prove
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that the infringing party had access to and did copy the work
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Material found on the Internet
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is generally copyrighted and cannot be used freely except with permission of the rights holder
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To enjoy copyright protection, a work
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needs to be original and fixed in a tangible medium of expression
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A copyright violation committed by an employee while doing company business and using company resources
with knowledge of the employer is called contributory infringement. (T or F) |
True
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Devices and software that circumvent technological protection measures (TPM) for copyrighted information
were declared illegal |
in the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998
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In Sony Corporation of America v. Universal City Studios the US Supreme Court found in 1984
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that home recording of television shows was a fair use
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Under their compulsory license non-interactive webcasters pay royalty fees set by the Copyright Royalty Board
(CRB). |
True
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After copyright protection expires
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the protected work becomes part of the public domain
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The retransmission consent rules state that a cable system
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cannot carry a broadcasting signal unless the broadcaster permits such carriage, often against financial or
in-kind compensation |
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Since 1992, a cable system can reject programming considered indecent on its leased (commercial) access channels (T or F)
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True
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The number of PEG channels a MVPO system must provide is determined
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by the franchise authority (in the franchise agreement)
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Under must carry rules, cable systems have to carry qualifying local over-the-air television stations as part of their basic service tier. (T or F)
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True
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The must carry rules were upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in
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Turner I (1994) and Turner II (1997)
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Vertically integrated network operators own both transmission networks and program providers. To avoid
discrimination against competitors seeking to acquire programs |
these companies may not sign exclusive agreements with their own distribution affiliates
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Almost 20 percent of the cable programming networks are affiliated with cable multiple system operators
(MSOs). (T or F) |
True
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Since the passage of the Satellite Home Viewer Improvement Act of 1999,
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Satellite broadcasters have been granted limited conditional copyright licenses that allow local-to-local
retransmissions |
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Mobile operators have to grant access to all service providers that want to reach the network’s customers (T or F)
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False
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The Internet was historically not subject to common carriage provisions but governed by a voluntary “end-toend”
network architecture that safeguarded open access to all content and applications. (T or F) |
True
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The U.S. Constitution _____.
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does not mention a right to privacy explicitly (but seems to imply it)
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______ is an acceptable defense against an accusation of intrusion of privacy.
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Newsworthiness
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Using a celebrity’s name, picture, or likeness for commercial gain is
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appropriation
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The Wiretap Act of 1968, for the first time, prohibited unauthorized wiretaps. (T or F)
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True
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The Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986
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prohibits intentional use of an interception device
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The Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986
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permits service providers to intercept, disclose, and use communications to create log files for billing
purposes |
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The following Act prohibited federal agencies from comparing their databases with those of other federal
agencies or with private databases |
Computer Matching and Privacy Protection Act of 1988
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An “opt-in” rule in privacy protection means that
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information service providers cannot store, process, or sell information unless individuals have given prior
consent |
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According to research by Van Eeten and Bauer (2010), 34 of the 50 worst Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
with regard to the number of infected machines on their networks remained in the top 50 for all four years between 2005 and 2008. (T of F) |
True
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In the US, early spam cases were prosecuted under the tort
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trespass to chattels
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Information service providers, such as ISPs, have to contribute to universal service funding. (T or F)
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False
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Under the E-Rate plan, schools receive discounts from the cost of competitively bid communications services
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in proportion to the percentage of students eligible for the student lunch program
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According to the Federal-State Joint Board on Universal Service, the following is one of the services included
in the universal service support for residential customers: |
Single party touch-tone service
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Lifeline support is a program targeted to
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low income users
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In order to be eligible for funding under the federal universal service programs
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a telecommunications carrier needs to be designated by a state regulatory agency and use its own facilities
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Since the Telecommunications Act of 1996, mobile voice service providers have to contribute to the Universal
Service Fund (USF). (T or F) |
True
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Universal service policy in the United States shall assure that the prices for voice service in rural areas are
_____ prices in urban areas. |
reasonably compared to
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The “contribution factor” (the share of total revenues that service providers, which are required to contribute to
the Universal Service Fund, have to pay) for the 2Q2010 is approximately |
15%
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Rural health care providers can apply for financial support under the universal service program to cover
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the difference between the “rural price” and the “urban price” of eligible services, such as a T1 line
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American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) of 2009
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has earmarked $7.2 billion to expand service to unserved and underserved areas of the country
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The Sherman Antitrust Act was passed in
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1890
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Antitrust law intends to protect consumers and competitors from the abuse of market power. Market power can
be defined as |
the ability of a firm to charge prices lastingly above competitive levels
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Unlike the merger between MCI and Worldcom, the proposed merger between Comcast and NBC is an
example of a |
vertical merger
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When commenting on merger applications, the FCC and state PUCs
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broadly evaluate whether a merger is in the public interest
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In contrast to regulation which often seeks specific outcomes, such as a certain level of service diffusion,
antitrust enforcement |
seeks to protect the competitive process
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One of the reasons why the FCC endorsed the merger of AOL and Time Warner in 2000 was
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the expected acceleration of broadband deployment in the U.S.
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In the commercial over-the-air television market, no organization may
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own stations with a combined coverage of more than 39% of the national audience
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The Telecommunications Act of 1996 lifted national ownership limits for the full power radio industry. (T or F)
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True
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Many FCC ownership rules are based on the assumption that source diversity is positively related to content
diversity. (T or F) |
True
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In 2008, TV/newspaper cross-ownership was allowed by the FCC in the top 50 media markets as long as eight “independent voices” remained.
(T or F) |
False
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The following would be considered “ownership” by the FCC when enforcing policies intended to preserve
media diversity: |
a firm holds 15 percent of the voting stock
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According to a study by who does access to communications has a higher impact on economic growth in low and middle-income
countries |
The World Bank
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Economists at The World Bank estimate that a 10 percentage point increase in broadband penetration
is associated with |
a 1.21 percentage point increase in growth in high-income countries (such as the US)
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According to the traditional paradigm, information and communications technology (ICT) was a
critical for economic growth. More recent thinking recognizes that it is important but not sufficient to have access to ICT. (T or F) |
True
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The effects of broadband on society are optimized if a virtuous circle can be generated, in which
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infrastructure deployment stimulates adoption which stimulates applications and services; in turn, the
growing number of applications and services increases adoption and demand for infrastructure access |
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Since the 1980s, countries that had relied on state-owned monopolies (such as Korea or most European
countries) engaged in regulatory reforms that introduced |
regulated competition
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In terms of fixed and mobile access paths per 100 inhabitants
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the US was ahead of peer nations in Europe and Asia between the 1960s and the late 1990s
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eKorea, a program in South Korea started in 2002 and completed in 2008, envisioned
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ubiquitous household access at 1 Mbps+ and 100+ Mbps to 60 percent of subscribers
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That the United States should lead the world in mobile innovation is one important goal of the National
Broadband Plan. (T or F) |
True
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The following is a “national purpose” identified in the US National Broadband Plan:
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smart grids (energy and the environment)
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After many decades of state monopolies, telecommunications in the European Union was fully
liberalized in |
1998
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What 4 interpretations of the 1st amendment are protected?
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Marketplace of Ideas
Political Speech Absolutism Access Theory |
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What are the 4 challenges of harnessing ICT?
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Infrastructure development: designing a legal and regulatory framework to support large-scale investment and innovation
Stimulating adoption (e.g., ICT literacy, user skills) Creation of sustainable business models Minimizing risks to society |
