Tbr Bio

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Two classes of epithelial TISSUES with types of epithelial CELLS

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1) simple (one layer thick) 2) stratified (2 or more layers). epithelium will have squamous, columnar, cuboid cells.

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cell structure linking two cells physically

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desmosome

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basal lamina (basement membrane)

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close contact with connective tissue. facilitates transport of molecules and anchor cells in place.

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2 types of junctions

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tight junctions, gap junctions,

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tight junctions

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impermeable to fluids, link cells together.

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fibroblasts

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secrete connective proteins

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examples of connective proteins

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elastin, reticulin, collagen

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collagen

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insoluble connective protein

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types of connective tissues

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bone, blood, cartilage, adipocytes, mast cells, melanocytes,

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fibroblast secreting cartilage

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chondrocyte

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mast cells

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secrete histamine

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function of histamine

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increase blood flow to produce inflamation

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Nernst equation with respect to inside of cell

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V=klog([K+outside]/[K+inside])=~-80mV

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relation of size of neuron to speed of current

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cross-sectional area is proportional to speed. because of more ions and more cytosol

Front 15

resting state of neuron (detailed) with definition of equilibrium potential

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K+ permeability higher than Na+ permeability. High K+ inside, High Na+ outside. Diffusion of K+ more powerful than electrostatics. Gives outside positive charge, despite lower concentration of K+.

The point at which this electric field completely counteracts the force due to diffusion is called the equilibrium potential

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Depolarization

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An area which has just been depolarized will leak positive Na+ charge to adjacent areas. This area will then become more positively charged, leading to some Na+ ionphores to open. The ratio of open Na+ ionpores to K+ ionopores will give the threshold potential. Once this threshold potential is reached, all the Na+ pores open and Na+ floods into the cell, making it positively charged.

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refractory period

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1 msec after Na+ flood, the Na+ ionopores close and enter a refracttory period of a few msecs.

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repolarization

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K+ pores open once Na+ pores close. K+ flows through concentration gradient to outside. potential goes from +40 to -87 mV (overshoots) because the potential that the K+ channels closes are below the resting potential which is made by the Na+/K+ pump.

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hyperpolarization

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K+ leaving the cell makes the potential more negative. It overshoots its target of -80mV for resting potential and is hyperpolarized to -87mV

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myelinating cells inside the CNS

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inside: oligodendrocytes

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myelinating cells outside the CNS

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outside: schwann cells

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name of type of conduction with myelinated cells

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saltatory conduction. from the latin word for "dancing", because the action potential seems to skip from node of ranvier to node of ranvier

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action potential reaches terminal button then?

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Ca2+ volted channels open. Ca2+ comes into button. Causes acetylcholine to be released because synaptic vessesls are merged with postsynaptic membrance.

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acetylcholine released into postsynaptic cleft causes--

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Na+ channels to open (NOT voltagegated, sino ligandgated)

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acetylcholine in the cleft

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if left, will keep exciting postsynaptic neuron, so it is degenerated into acetate and choline by acetylcholinesterase

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what is acetylcholine made of and where made

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cytosol from Ace-CoA and choline

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what is nernst potential?

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if you have a membrane which is selectively permeable to an ion which has different concentrations on each side, then a seperation of charge will occur on both sides of the membrane. This will produce a potential difference. The nernst potential is the potential which is needed to stop the ion from moving down its conentration gradient.
Which totally makes sense. The reason it can be calculated from jstu the concentrations is because there will be some point which the electrostatic build-up of charge will repel any more change in cx from diffusion.