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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the four things that distinguish a Eukaryote from a Prokayote? |
1-Long, linear DNA packaged around histones to form chromosomes |
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What 4 things distinguish a Prokaryote from a Eukaryote?
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1- Single chromosome consisting of a short circular DNA molecule. No histones. Some cells contain shorter segments called plasmids. |
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How do archaea differ from Eukaryotes and Prokayotes? Which on are they?
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They are prokaryotes, but they are different because:
1-Their cell walls have various polysaccharides, but not peptidoglycan, cellulose or chitin. 2-Their membranes contain different phospholipids than bacteria or eukaryotes. |
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How are archaea SIMILAR to euks?
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Their DNA is also associated to histone proteins and ribosome isn't inhibited by streptomycin or chloramphenicol like bacteria's are.
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What are methanogens?
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They are archaea that obligate anaerobes that produce methane as a biproduct from using energy from H2 to fix CO2. They live in mud, guts of cows, humans, termites etc.
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What are halophiles?
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Archaea that survive in extremely salt conditions
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You run a gram stain on a bacteria and it turns purple/blue. What does this mean?
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This cell is gram positive and has a thick peptidoglycan cell wall
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You run a gram stain and it turns red/pink. What does this tell you about the bacteria?
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They are gram negative and have a think layer of peptidoglycan in their cell wall which is covered with lipopolysaccharides.
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What are cyanobacteria? What are heterocysts?
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They are photosynthetic bacteria that use chlorophyll a. Some have heterocysts which fix nitrogen (inorganic nitrogen gas is converted to NH3).
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What is nitrifying and which bacteria do it?
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Taking NO2- and converting it to NO3-. This the the way chemosynthetic bacteria get energy. They are autotrophs.
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Name some characteristics of Euglenoids.
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Algaelike protists. Heterotrophic in the absence of light. Use eyespot for phototaxis. Protein pellicles instead of cellulose cell walls.
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Name some characteristics of dinoflagellates
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Algaelike protists. Have one posterior and one sideways flagellum.
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Name some characteristics of diatoms.
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Algaelike protists with tests that fit together like a box. Test are of silica.
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Name some characteristics of brown algae.
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Exist as giant seaweeds or kelps. Algealike prots. Have flagellated sperm cells.
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Name some characteristics of Rhodophyta
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Red algaelike protists. Have red accessory pigments called phycobilins. Multicellular, not flagella on gametes.
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Name some characteristics of chlorophyta
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Green Algaelike protists. Use chlorophyll a and b. Have cellulose cell walls and store carbs as starch.
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Name some characteristics of rhizopoda.
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Amoebas that move by extending their cell body into pseudopods. They also use them to encircle food and eat it up.:) They are animal-like protists.
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Name some characteristics of apicomplexan
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They are animal like protists. Parasites. They have a complex of organelles at their apex (fancy that).
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Name some characteristics of ciliates.
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They are extremely complex with anus, mouth, contractile vacuoles, multiple nuclei and of course many cilia. Paramecium is a part of this family.
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Name some characteristics of cellular slime molds.
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Fungi like protists. They are individual cells, like amoeba, when there is food. When there isn't the come together and form a smile mold and move like a slug. They then up out spores to start the next generation.
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Name some characteristics of plasmodial cells
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Fungi like protist that grows as a single spreading mass feeding on decaying vegetation. When food is scarce they put up spores. Haploid spores become amoeba which find a made and fuse. The diploid grows into a new spreading cell.
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Name some characteristics of oomycota.
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Fungi like protists. Like water molds, downy mildews and white rusts. They are parasites or saprobes. They form hyphae like fungi which secretes enzymes to digest surrounding stuff... they lack septa.
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What is the difference between plasmogamy and karyogamy?
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Plasmogamy is the uniting of two haploid cells called a dikaryon. Karyogamy is when their nuclei unite to form a diploid cell. Karyo means kernel!! Makes sense, two kernels then forms one.
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How do fungi reproduce?
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Via fragmentation, budding and asexual spores.
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What is the male structure in plants? The female?
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Male is the stamen with the anther and filament. Female is the pistil with the ovary, covered by the style leading to the stigma.
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What are the 6 kingdoms? Name the eukaryotic ones first.
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Animalia, protista, Plantae, fungi- archaea, bacteria.
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Describe the kingdom plantae?
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Mainly immobile, may have mobile sperm, produce food
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Describe the kingdom fungi.
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Fairly immobile, digest and absorb food by means of secreted enzymes. |
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Are protists unicellular or multicellular?
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Most are unicellular or at least have a unicellular phase.
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What are three groupings of archaea?
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Extremethermophiles, nonextreme archaea and methonogens.
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What are the main distinguishing characteristics of archaea?
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No peptidoglycan, the lipids in their membranes are modified, they have distinctive ribosomal RNA sequences, some of their genes have introns (unlike bacteria).
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What are methanogens? Are they anaerobes?
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Archaea that use hydrogen gas to reduce CO2 to CH4, thus harvesting energy. They are strict anaerobes.
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How are nonextreme archaea distinguished from the bacteria they grow with?
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By their gene sequences.
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Mitochondria and chloroplast are derived from...?
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Purple nonsulfur bacteria and cyanobacteria respectively.
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What are three main things that separate euks from proks?
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Compartmentalization, multicellularity and sexual reproduction.
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Why is it important that the area from transcription and translation are separated by the nuclear envelop?
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It allows for more strict regulation and control to the process of gene expression.
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What is true multicellularity?
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When the aggregates of cells are coordinated and differentiated! This doesn't exist in prokaryotes.
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What are the sex groups of protistis?
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Animalia, choanoflagellates, fungi, plants, green algae.
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What are choanoflagellates close to?
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Similar to sponges and animals.
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Land plants are believed t o be derived from...?
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The green algae group called streptophyta.
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What is in the anthropod phylum?
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invertebrates such as insects and crustaceans.
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What is in the annelid phylum?
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Segmented worms like earth worms.
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What are the two distinctions in the animalia kingdom? What is the difference in formation of the two? What belongs to each?
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Protostomes and deuterostomes. Annelids, flatworms, nematodes mullusks and anthropods belong to the prots in which the mouth forms before the anus. Chordates and echinoderms belong to the deuts in which the anus forms first.
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What is the difference between a lytic and lysogenic virus?
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A lytic kills the cells immediately. A lysogenic does not kill it immediately but inserts it's dna into called a prophage.
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What are the oldest, simplest and most abundant life forms?
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Archaea, they have some cellular organization too!
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What it conjugation?
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The transfer of genes from one bacteria directly to another (they are linked).
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What is transduction?
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When a virus transfers DNA to a bacteria.
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What is transformation?
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When bacteria take up dna directly for their environment. It's almost voluntary... think transformation is more of a choice than transduction!!!
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What is the key feature distinguishing protists from prokaryotes?
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Compartmentalization.
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How did the nucleus and er come about? Where did they originate?
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They originated in the protists. They are infoldings of the cell membrane.
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Can protists reproduce sexually or asexually?
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BOTH! They can do mitosis or meiosis.
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What are diplomonads? What is an exmple?
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Protists. They are unicellular and move with flagella. They lack mitochondria but have two nuceli. Giardia intestinalis is an example... passed from human to human through water, it can cause diarrhea.
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What are parabasalids?
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They are present in termites and bacteria and digest cellulose. The move with an undulating membrane and flagella. They, like diplomonads lack mitochondria.
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What are euglenoids?
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They are flagellated protists and are among the first to have mitochondria. Some have chloroplasts and are autotrophic and become heterotrophic in the dark. Others lack chloroplasts and are heterotrophic. They are wrapped in proteins called pellicles. Has contractile vacuoles
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What are in the alveolata and what distinguishes them from other protists?
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They are apicomplexans, dinoflagellates and ciliates. They have stacked "alveoli" within their plasma membranes that may act as a golgi apparatus.
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What are dinoflagellates?
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Photosynthetic unicells with two flagella. They are encased by plates of cellulose-like material covered in silica. The two flagella are perpendicular to each other. They have carotenoids, and chlor a and b.
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What are apicomplexans?
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spore forming alveolata with fibrils, microtubules, vacuoles etc on one end. It invades its host, malaria, Plasmodium, is an example.
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What are ciliates?
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Alveolata with large number or cilia. They are generally heterotrophic. They have two nuclei, a macro and micro. They vacuoles. An examples is paramecium.
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What is brown algae?
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It is like sea weed. It is interesting because it has an alternation of generations like plants.
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What are diatoms?
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Members of phylum chrysophyta, photosynthetic, unicelluar with double shells made of silica like a box and lid. have clor a c and carotenoids.
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What are oomycetes?
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They are water molds and are either parasites or saprobes. Were once considered fungi (water mold and -mycetes). They produce motile spores with unequal flagella called zoospores. They can be plant pathogens like the anti-potatoe phyophthora infestans.
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What are rhodophyta?
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Red algae. They have no flagella or centrioles and has accessory pigments phycoerythrin, phycocyanin and allophycocyanin arranged in phychobilisomes. Alternation of generation.
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What are the most common ancestors of all animals in the protists?
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Choanoflagellates. They have the flagellum, collar and filaments like a sponge. They feed on bacteria strained from water by their collar.
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What are Rhizopoda?
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True amoebas. They move with pseudopods, and use them to eat and pull them forward (cytoplasmic streaming). Microfilaments used in this movement.
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What are foraminifera?
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Heterotrophic marine protists, like tiny snails with shells. They have podia that emerge through their tests that are used for swimming.
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What is a plasmodial slime mold?
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A mass of unwalled multinucleated cytoplasm that moves and feeds. When food or moisture is absent it moves and puts out spores.
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What are cellular slime molds?
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They exist individually as amoebas, but when food is scarce they group together and move like a slug. cAMP is put out by some cells and others move toward it to form the slug. Also puts out spores when food is scarce.
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What are tracheids?
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Xylem and phloem.
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What causes the two alternating generations in plants?
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They fact that gamete fusion doesn't directly follow meiosis, it follows another round of mitosis by the gametophyte. Both cycles are multicellular. Gametes are produced via MITOSIS!
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What is the process of sporophyte to gametophyte?
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Sporophyte>>Sporangia>> spore mother cells(2n)>>spores(n)
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In mosses, liverworts and ferns, which generation is free living and photosynthetic?
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The haploid.
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What are chlorophytes?
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Early plant-like green algae. They had an eyespot for phototaxis in water, two flagella. They can be immobile. They haplodiplo lives.
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What are charophytes?
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A break off of the green algae streptophytes which are closely related to land plants.
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What are nontracheophytes?
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Plants, like bryophytes without tracheid. Liverworts, hornworts and mosses. Sporophytes depend on the genetophytes. They need water for sexual reproduction.
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What are the three groups of thracheophytes?
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Lycophytes or club mosses, pterophytes or ferms and seed plants.
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What is one thing that lycophytes, pterophytes and bryophytes have in common?
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They form antheridia and archegonia so water is needed to allow the sperm to spread.
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Which is the largest group of seedless vascular plants?
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The tree ferns. They are most similar to seed plants.
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What are gynmosperms?
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They are seeded plants that lack the flowers and fruits of angiosperms. They are coniferophytes, cycadophytes, gnetophytes and ginkophytes.
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What are cycadophytes?
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They are gymnosperms that are like palms, but not flowering. They have flagellated sperm and archegonae.
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What are gnetophytes? What is their innovation?
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They are gymnosperms. They have vessels in the xylem , which are efficient conductors, commonly found in angiosperm.
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What makes Ginko unique from other gymnosperms?
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They shed their leaves, male and female gametes are made in different plants.
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What are the six main groups of fungi?
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Chtrids, zygomycetes, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes and deuteromycetes.
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What are five characteristics of fungi?
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They are heterotophs that absorb their food using enzymes, they have both unicellular and multicellular types, the have chitin walls, they have a dikaryon stage and they undergo nuclear mitosis where the nucleus doesn't break down.
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What is chitin?
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It is a modified cellulose with nitrogen and protein crosslinkages.
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What makes chytrids special?
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They are fungi with motile flagellated zoospores instead of traditional spores. They are most closely related to ancestral fungi.
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What are zygomycetes?
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Fungi like common bread mold and on decaying organic matierial. They lack septa except when forming spores.
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What is special about glomeromycetes?
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Their hyphae grow within the roots of terrestrial plants allowing nutrient exchange called a mycorrhizal, a mutualistic realationship. The glomeromycete provides essential nutrients and the plant provides carbs.
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What are ascomycetes?
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The most fungi 75%, bread molds truffles etc. They carry out karyogamy within the ascus.
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What are basidiomycetes?
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Familiar fungi such as mushrooms, toadstools etc. and pathogens like rusts and smuts. They are named for their basidium in which karyogamy occurs.
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What is a lichen?
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A symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner.
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What are the five keys in animal evolution?
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Evolution of tissues, symmetry, body cavity, patterns of development and segmentation (repeated units in the body).
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What separates animal differentiation from protistis?
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They cells are differentiated and cannot go back. They are well defined.
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What generally develops from the ectoderm?
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The outer covering of the body and the nervous system
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What develops from the endoderm?
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The digestive system, respiratory system and intestine
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What develops from the mesoderm?
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The skeleton and muscles, heart, kidneys, muscles repro and connective tissue.
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What are the differences in germ layers in cnidarian and sponges?
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Sponges have none (no symmetry and no real differentiation) cnidarian have only two germ layers.
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What is an acoelomate, a pseudocoelomate and a coelomate?
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An acoelomate has not internal body cavity in the between the mesoderm and the endoderm. Pseudo have a cavity between the meso and endo. Coel have a cavity contained ENTIRELY IN the mesoderm!
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What problem does a coelem pose?
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It makes it difficult to circulate nutrients and removes wastes. Coelomates have a circulatory system for this, pseudo churn the stuff inside to circulate it.
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What is the difference in cleavage between deuts and prots?
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Deuts have radial, loosely packed cleavage, prots have tightly packed spiral cleavage.
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What is determinate/indeterminate development.
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Protostomes are determinate. All cell types are predetermines. Cleavage merely separates them into categories. Deuts have inderterminate in which the first few divisions are identical and determination come from signal molecules localized later on.
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What are two advantages of segmentation?
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They independent units can be lost without causing death and locomotion is easier since they are all independent.
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What organisms can undergo binary fission?
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All prokaryotes (bacteria and archaebacteria) and some organelles like mitochondria.
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What is horizontal gene transfer?
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In bacteria it is conjugation, transformation and transduction.
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What is the term from transduction in eukaryotic cells?
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Transfection.
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This phylum is considered parazoa and has water exiting through an osculum.
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Porifera
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Besides jellyfish, what are considered cnidarians? What are its two structural forms?
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Hydrozoans, anemones and corals. They are in medusa form or polyp form.
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What is the difference in flagella between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
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Eukaryotic is composed of 9 microtubules arranged around 2 central microtubules. Prokaryotic are made from the protein flagellin.
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