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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two gamete types? What is formed when they come together?
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Sperm and Eggs (Ova). Zygote.
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What type of asexual reproduction exists in protists? Cnidarians? Arthropods?
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Fission. Budding. Parthenogenesis.
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What happens in parthenogenesis?
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Offspring develop from unfertilized eggs.
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What is hermaphroditism? Sequential hermaphroditism? What are the sequential hermaproditism types?
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The system where an individual has both testes and ovaries. The changing of gender. Protogyny (female to male) and Protandry (male to female).
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In mammals, sex is determined and (naturally) permanent. What gene determines sex?
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SRY (If it is absent, the embryo is female).
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Describe external and internal fertilization.
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External: sperm and eggs released into water. Internal: sperm into female reproductive tract.
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What are the three types of embryonic development after internal fertilization?
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Oviparity- fertilized eggs are released. Ovoviparity- fertilized eggs retained and feed off yolk. Viviparity- embryo develops within mother and uses mother's blood for nourishment.
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Describe reproduction in fish.
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External fertilization (except cartilaginous fish), little yolk, speedy development.
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Describe reproduction in amphibians.
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External fertilization, little yolk, longer development (embryonic, larval, and adult stages).
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Describe reproduction in reptiles and birds.
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Internal fertilization, mostly oviparous (all birds), slow development in birds (nurtured by parents).
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What is the estrous cycle? What is estrus?
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The female reproductive cycle of mammals. The period of female sexual receptivity around ovulation.
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What are the two major hormones in the estrous cycle?
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Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH).
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Describe monotremes. Marsupials. Placental mammals.
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Oviparous mammals. Fetuses complete development in a pouch. Fetus nurtured for longer time by placenta.
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What structures produce sperm?
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Seminiferous tubules.
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What cells secrete testosterone?
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Leydig cells.
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What cells line the walls of the seminiferous tubules?
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Spermatogonia/germ cells (become sperm by meiosis) and supporting Sertoli cells.
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What is the order of development from spermatogonia to spermatozoa?
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Spermatogonia, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatid, spermatozoa.
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Sperm have a head, body and tail. What is in the head? Body? Tail?
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The nucleus, capped by the acrosome (creates enzymes to bore through egg). Centriloe and mitochondria. Flagellum.
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What path do sperm take after they leave the seminiferous tubules?
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Epididymis, vas deferens, joined by seminal vesicle ducts, ejaculatory duct, prostate, urethra, joined by bulbourethral gland ducts.
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What are the two types of erectile tissue?
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Corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum
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What does FSH do in males? LH?
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Stimulates Sertoli cells to facilitate sperm development. Stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone.
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What are the functional units of the ovary? What is inside them?
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Ovarian follicles. An egg and granulosa cells.
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What is the major female sex hormone? What cells secrete it? What does it do?
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Estradiol (estrogen). Granulosa cells. Triggers menarche (onset of menstrual cycle) and female secondary sexual characteristics.
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What are the two phases of the menstrual cycle?
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The follicular and luteal phases.
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What happens in the follicular phase?
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FSH causes a Graffian/tertiary follicle to form. Primary oocyte divides into secondary oocyte and polar body. Secondary oocyte arrested in metaphase II. Ovulation starts.
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What happens in the luteal phase?
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The Graffian follicle becomes the corpus luteum, which secretes estrogen and progesterone.
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What are the phases of endometrial development/the menstrual cycle?
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Proliferative (endometrium grows, follicular phase), Secretory (endometrium functions as a gland, luteal phase), and Mentrual (endometrium sloughed off).
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What does the embryo secrete to prevent menstruation?
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Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).
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What are some methods of contraception?
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Abstinence, Sperm Blockage, Sperm Destruction, Prevention of Ovulation, Prevention of Embryo Implantation and Sterilization.
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