Tams, Dr. Jag, Biology, Ch. 34

Front 1

What are the four principle features that distinguish chordates at some point in their lives?

Back 1

The nerve chord, notochord, pharyngeal slits, and postnatal tail.

Front 2

What are tunicates?

Back 2

Nonvertebrate chordates, often sessile as adults, without a major body cavity or visible segmentation.

Front 3

What are lancelets?

Back 3

Scaleless, fishlike chordates with a notochord that runs the full length of the body and that feed on plankton.

Front 4

What are the characteristics of vertebrates?

Back 4

A vertebral column, head, neural crest, internal organs, and endoskeleton.

Front 5

How long ago did vertebrates evolve?

Back 5

Four hundred and seventy million years ago.

Front 6

How many principle classes of vertebrates are there? How many are fish? How many are terrestrial tetrapods?

Back 6

Nine. Five. Four.

Front 7

What are the five fish vertebrate classes?

Back 7

Myxini(hagfish), Cephalaspidomorphi(lampreys), Chondrichthyes(cartilage fish), Actinopterygii(ray finned fish), Sarcoptergy(bony fish)

Front 8

What are the four land dwelling tetrapod vertebrate classes?

Back 8

Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia

Front 9

What are some characteristics of fishes?

Back 9

They have a vertebral column, jaws, paired appendages, single-loop blood circulation, nutritional deficiencies, and they comprise most of vertebrates.

Front 10

What are Ostracoderms?

Back 10

Some of the first fishes that had no jaws and no bony skeleton.

Front 11

How long ago did jaws evolve?

Back 11

Four hundred and ten million years ago.

Front 12

What are the different type of fins that arose in fishes?

Back 12

Caudal (tail), Dorsal (stabilize), Pectoral (shoulder-elevator), Pelvic (hip-elevator).

Front 13

How did sharks become top predators?

Back 13

They were the first to develop teeth, and had programmed tooth loss that kept them sharp, and had internal fertilization of eggs.

Front 14

What are bony fishes like?

Back 14

They evolved in fresh water, have strong skeletons, and have a highly mobile design. Important developments include the swim bladder, lateral line system, and the gill cover (operculum).

Front 15

What did amphibians evolve from?

Back 15

Lobe-finned fishes with fleshy appendages with articulated joints.

Front 16

What are some characteristics of amphibians?

Back 16

They were the first terrestrial vertebrates, have legs, lungs, cutaneous respiration, pulmonary veins, and a partially divided heart.

Front 17

How was the dehydration of eggs in amphibians prevented?

Back 17

They reproduced in water.

Front 18

By when had the amphibians been ousted by the reptile therapsid on land? Of the remaining, which were left in the Jurassic?

Back 18

By the end of the Permian. Anura and Urodela.

Front 19

What amphibians exist today? What are they like?

Back 19

Anura-frogs, no tails, external fertilization, close to water;
Urodela-salamanders, tails, external fertilization;
Apoda/caecilians-legless, internal fertilization, jaws and teeth.

Front 20

What are some characteristics of reptiles?

Back 20

They have an amniotic egg. They have dry skin, thoracic breathing, internal fertilization, improved circulatory system, and are ectothermic.

Front 21

What are the parts of the reptile egg?

Back 21

The chorion, just below the shell, the amnion which encases the embryo and fluid, the yolk sac which gives the embryo food, and the allantois which contains embryo wastes.

Front 22

Which reptile developed better predation? Which developed a faster metabolism? Which developed higher energy efficiency? Which learned to run upright?

Back 22

Pelycosaurs, Therapsids, Thecodonts, Dinosaurs.

Front 23

What four orders of reptiles survive today?

Back 23

Turtles(Chelonia), lizards and snakes(Squamata), tuataras(Rhynchocephalia), and crocodiles(Crocodilia).

Front 24

Describe Chelonia.

Back 24

They have a protective shell, and are anapsid (lacking an opening in the skull like other current reptiles)

Front 25

Describe Rhynchoecephalia.

Back 25

They are about half a meter long, have a parietal eye, and are found only around New Zealand.

Front 26

Describe Squamata.

Back 26

They have paired male copulatory organs, a lower jaw not joined to the skull, and three suborders called Sauria(lizards), Amphisbaenia(worm lizards), and Serpentes(snakes).

Front 27

Describe Crocodilia.

Back 27

They have remained relatively unchanged since their evolution. They resemble birds in that they care for their young and have a four chambered heart.

Front 28

How many alligator species are there?

Back 28

Two.

Front 29

What are the key characteristic of birds?

Back 29

Feathers (modified scales), and a flight skeleton (thin, hollow bones)

Front 30

What animal suggests a link between dinosaurs and birds? Why are birds and dinosaurs kept in separate classes?

Back 30

Archaeopteryx. Birds have feathers, hollow bones, and mechanisms to aid flight (i.e. superefficient lungs).

Front 31

What systems did birds need to develop to be proficient with flight?

Back 31

Efficient respiration, efficient circulation, and endothermy.

Front 32

What are the key characteristics of mammals?

Back 32

Hair, endothermy, a placenta, teeth, plant digestion(with bacterial aid), hooves and horns, and flight(in bats).

Front 33

What does mammalian hair do?

Back 33

It prevents heat loss, provides camouflage, can act as a sense organ, and as a defensive weapon.

Front 34

How long ago did mammals evolve? What two groups did they divide into?

Back 34

Two hundred and twenty million years ago. Prototheria(duck-billed platypus), Theria(marsupials and placental mammals).

Front 35

What are the three current orders of mammals?

Back 35

Monotremes(egg-laying), Marsupials(pouched), Placental(placenta).

Front 36

What two features allowed primates to succeed? What two groups did early primates split into?

Back 36

Grasping fingers and toes and binocular vision. Prosimians("before monkeys") and Anthropoids.

Front 37

What three groups did anthropoids develop into?

Back 37

New World monkeys(flat, wide noses), Old World monkeys(narrow noses), Hominoids(apes and humans).

Front 38

Within the hominoid group, what is the difference between apes and hominids(humans and their ancestors)?

Back 38

Apes use knuckle walking and hominids are bipedal. There is also an anatomy difference based on mode of locomotion.

Front 39

What are the two major groups of hominids?

Back 39

Australopithecines(older, smaller brain) and Homo.

Front 40

What are the two ways of looking at hominid fossils and evolution?

Back 40

Lumping (focusing on commonalities) and Splitting (focusing on differences)

Front 41

What three species do splitters say homo habilis should be split into?

Back 41

H. rudolfensis, H. habilis, and H. ergaster.

Front 42

How was homo erectus different from habilis?

Back 42

It had a larger brain, walked erect, came from Africa, had prominent brow ridges and a rounder jaw.

Front 43

What are the three most modern species of humans?

Back 43

H. heidelbergensis, H. neanderthalensis, and H. sapiens (aka Cro-Magnons, only surviving, us).

Front 44

What are some distinguishing features of Homo Sapiens?

Back 44

Tool use, conceptual thought, and language capabilities.

Front 45

What does ectothermic mean? Endothermic? What are the two kinds of endothermic?

Back 45

The body heat of the organism comes from an outside source. Body heat is self generated. Homeothermic (temp kept constant) and Poikilothermic (temp fluctuates).

Front 46

Who are you going to vote for MHA president?

Back 46

Robert Fromm.