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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Where does the lengthening of the plant occur? Where does the widening of the plant occur?
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Apical meristems. Lateral meristems.
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What are primary tissues?
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Tissues that result from division of the apical meristem (primary growth) and make up the primary plant body.
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What are primary meristems? Name the different types.
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The three types of embryonic tissue systems that the apical meristem gives rise to. Protoderm (epidermis), procambium (vascular tissue) ground meristem (ground tissue), and intercalary meristem (stem internodes).
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What are secondary tissues?
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Tissues that result from division of the lateral meristem (secondary growth) and make up the secondary plant body.
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What are the two lateral meristems present in woody plants?
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The cork cambium (produces cork) and vascular cambium (produces vascular tissue).
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What are the two basic systems of a vascular plant?
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The root system and shoot system.
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What are the three basic tissue types of plants?
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Dermal tissue (epidermis, sometimes cuticle of cutin), Ground tissue (parenchyma cells), Vascular tissue (xylem and phloem).
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What types of cells occur in the dermal tissue?
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Epidermal cells, guard cells (open and close stomata), trichomes (hairlike, reduce evaporation), root hairs (increase root surface area).
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What types of cells occur in the ground tissue?
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Parenchyma (thin walls, storage), Collenchyma (variable thickness, flexible support), and Sclerenchyma (thick walls with lignin).
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What are the types of Sclerenchyma cells?
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Fibers (long, slender, usually grouped in strands) and Sclereid (varied shape, often branched, singular or grouped).
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What are the types of tubes that xylem are made of? How are the units of the tubes joined?
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Vessels and tracheids. Vessel members are almost completely open, but tracheids have small pits between the tracheids.
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What is transpiration?
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The diffusion of water vapor out of a plant.
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What are the differences between primary and secondary xylem?
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Primary xylem comes from the procambium of the apical meristem. Secondary xylem comes from the vascular cambium of the lateral meristem.
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What cells make up the phloem? What is primary phloem?
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Sieve cells, sieve-tube members (more effective sieve cell), and companion cells (associated a sieve-tube member). Phloem involved in food transport.
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What are the pored surfaces between sieve-tube members/sieve cells called?
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Sieve plates or sieve areas.
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What are plasmodesmata?
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Cytoplasmic connections between cells present between companion cells and sieve-tube members.
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What are the four regions of the developing root?
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The root cap, zone of cell division, zone of elongation, and zone of maturation.
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What are the two types of cells in the root cap?
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Inner Columella cells and outer Root Cap cells.
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Describe the zone of cell division.
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It is a domed structure underneath the root cap. Its center is called the quiescent center. It is an apical meristem.
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How does elongation occur at the zone of elongation?
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Cells produced at the primary meristems become much longer than they are wide.
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In the zone of maturation, what are the three basic layers of tissue?
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The epidermis, the cortex (contains endodermis), and the stele (contains pericycle and, in some plants, the pith).
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Describe the endodermis.
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It is within the cortex and has primary cell walls impregnated with suberin in bands called Casparian strips.
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What are the two basic types of root systems?
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A taproot system and a fibrous root system.
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What are the types of modified roots?
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Prop roots (anchorage), Aerial roots, Pneumatophores (spongy root outgrowths), Contracile roots (pull plant down), Parasitic roots, Food Storage roots, Water storage roots, and Buttress roots (support).
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What are primordia?
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Bulges on the stem that will develop into leaves, shoots or flowers.
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What is phyllotaxy?
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The arrangement of leaves on a stem.
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What are nodes? What are internodes?
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Regions where leaves attach to the stem. The spaces between nodes.
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What is an axillary bud? What is a terminal bud?
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A bud that occurs at a node. A bud that occurs at the end of the stem.
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What is a trace? What does it leave behind in the main vascular cylinder?
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A strand of xylem and phloem that branches out into a developing leaf, flower, or shoot. A gap.
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What are the types of modified stems?
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Bulbs (fleshy leaves), Corms (no fleshy leaves), Rhizomes (underground horizontal stems), Runners and Stolons (horizontal stems with long internodes), Tubers (swollen stolons), Tendrils (climbing stems), Cladophylls (flat, leaflike stems).
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A leaf has a blade and petiole (stalk). What is the leaf called when the petiole is absent?
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Sessile.
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What is a simple leaf? A compound leaf?
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A leaf with undivided blades. A leaf with blades divided into leaflets.
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How can leaflets be arranged on the branches? How can leaves be arranged on the stem?
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Pinnately compound (paired) or Palmately compound (radiating). Alternately (spiral), Opposite (paired) or whorl (multiple leaves).
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What is the mesophyll? What two types of mesophyll are present in most eudicots?
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The tissue between the upper and lower epidermis of the leaf. The palisade mesophyll (tightly packed) and spongy mesophyll (air spaces).
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What are some of the modified types of leaves?
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Floral Leaves/Bracts (surround flower), Spines, Reproductive Leaves (can grow into new plant), Window Leaves (cone shaped with transparent tip), Shade Leaves (large and thin), and Insectivorous Leaves (swallow bugs).
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