Tactical Ventilation

Front 1

Tactical ventilation should only be performed when?

Back 1

When the fire attack hoselines and teams are in place and ready to advance towards the fire

Front 2

Correctly implemented, what 3 incident priorities does tactical ventilation achieve?

Back 2

-Life Safety

-Incident Stabilization

-Property Conservation

Front 3

What can happen if you introduce fresh air to a fire without a coordinated fire attack?

Back 3

Rapid fire development

Front 4

What is the highest incident priority?

Back 4

Life Safety

Front 5

Tactical ventilation can be combined with _____________ to stabilize an incident

Back 5

Fire Attack

Front 6

____________ means controlling and extinguishing the fire

Back 6

Incident Stabilization

Front 7

Tactical ventilation ___________ the speed with which you can extinguish interior fires

Back 7

Increases

Front 8

The _____________ will make the decision to ventilate the stucture

Back 8

Incident Commander

Front 9

Between 1973 and 2008, the footprint in homes has increased over ______ percent and lot sizes have shrunk approximately ______ percent

Back 9

Footprint +150%

Lot Sizes -25%

Front 10

What are the 4 fire behavior indicators?

Back 10

-Smoke

-Air Flow

-Heat

-Flame

Front 11

The movement of air toward burning fuel and movement of smoke out of the compartment

Back 11

Air Flow

Front 12

Air Flow is caused by ____________ inside and outside the compartment

Back 12

Pressure Differentials

Front 13

Air Flow is caused by differences in density between the _______ smoke and ________ air

Back 13

Hot Smoke and Cooler Air

Front 14

In the case of a single open doorway to a structure fire, where is the air inlet?

Back 14

In the lower portion of the doorway (Low pressure below the neutral plane)

Front 15

In the case of a single open doorway to a structure fire, where is the smoke exhaust?

Back 15

In the upper portion of the doorway (High pressure area above the neutral plane)

Front 16

The _________ is the connection between the inlet and the outlet

Back 16

Flow Path

Front 17

What can be the result of tactical ventilation openings in an uncoordinated manner?

Back 17

The fire can spread to uninvolved areas of the building and cut escape routes for occupants

Front 18

What are 2 primary considerations for determining tactical ventilation procedures?

Back 18

1. The stage of the fire

2. Whether it is fuel or ventilation controlled

Front 19

What 3 things must be in place before tactical ventilation begins?

Back 19

1. Fire Attack Crews

2. Search and Rescue teams

3. Exposure Protection

Front 20

Tactical ventilation must be capable of exhausting the volume of _______, _______ and __________ produced by fire

Back 20

Heat, Smoke, and Toxic Gases

Front 21

The most important weather-related influence on ventilation is _______

Back 21

Wind

Front 22

__________ must always be considered when determining the proper means and location of tactical ventilation in all types of structures

Back 22

Wind Conditions

Front 23

________ exposures include the building occupants, contents and any uninvolved rooms or portions of the building

Back 23

Internal Exposures

Front 24

________ exposures such as structures located adjacent to the fire can be affected by radiation and/or direct flame contact

Back 24

External Exposures

Front 25

What are the 2 types of tactical ventilation used for structure fires?

Back 25

Horizontal and Vertical Ventilation

Front 26

Opening doors or windows is an example of ____________ ventilation

Back 26

Horizontal Ventilation

Front 27

Cutting a hole in a roof above the fire is an example of __________ ventilation

Back 27

Vertical Ventilation

Front 28

For vertical ventilation to be effective, a ___________ inlet opening at or below the level of the fire is needed to provide a flow path for fresh air to enter the structure

Back 28

Horizontal

Front 29

What are the 3 means used for vertical and horizontal ventilation

Back 29

-Natural

-Mechanical

-Hydraulic

Front 30

__________ventilation involves opening doors and windows to allow natural air currents and pressure differences to move smoke and heat out of the building

Back 30

Natural Horizontal Ventilation

Front 31

_______ ventilation draws heated smoke and gases out of the structure through the roof openings while pulling fresh air into the structure

Back 31

Natural Vertical Ventilation

Front 32

__________ ventilation uses fans, blowers and smoke ejectors

Back 32

Mechanical Ventilation

Front 33

Mechanical methods are most often used for ____________ ventilation

Back 33

Horizontal Ventilation

Front 34

__________ ventilation involves using a spray nozzle set on a fog pattern to draw the smoke out an opening such as a window or door

Back 34

Hydraulic Ventilation

Front 35

___________ ventilation requires the firefighters to operate the nozzle within the contaminated atmosphere

Back 35

Hydraulic Ventilation

Front 36

What is a disadvantage of Hydraulic Ventilation?

Back 36

It can increase water damage to the structure if done improperly

Front 37

Hydraulic Ventilation uses a _______ pattern spray to entrain the smoke out of the room

Back 37

Fog

Front 38

Natural horizontal ventilation takes advantage of ___________ flow

Back 38

Natural Air Flow

Front 39

____________ ventilation requires no additional personnel to set up and maintain

Back 39

Natural Ventilation

Front 40

When directed by the IC, windows on the _________ side should be opened first to create a __________ point

Back 40

Leeward; Exit

Front 41

Openings on the __________ side of the structure are opened to permit fresh air to enter and force the smoke toward the ______________

Back 41

Windward; Exhaust Openings

Front 42

If only a single opening is made, such as opening a door, the vent will serve as both the _________ for air and the ________ for smoke

Back 42

Inlet for air; Exit for smoke

Front 43

This ventilation is necessary when natural flow of air currents is insufficient to remove smoke, heat and fire gases

Back 43

Mechanical Ventilation

Front 44

Mechanical Ventilation is accomplished through ___________ pressure or __________ pressure

Back 44

Negative or Positive Pressure

Front 45

The oldest type of mechanical ventilation

Back 45

Negative Pressure Ventilation

Front 46

In Negative pressure ventilation, ______________ are used to pull smoke from a structure

Back 46

Smoke Ejectors

Front 47

________ and _______ are drawn out of the structure and __________ is drawn into the structure by the negative pressure the fans have created

Back 47

Smoke and Fire gases are drawn out and Fresh Air is drawn in

Front 48

Fans can be placed in _________, __________, or ___________ vent openings to exhaust the smoke, heat, and gases from inside the building to the exterior

Back 48

Windows, Doors, or Roof Vents

Front 49

In negative pressure ventilation, the fan should be positioned on the _________ side to exhaust in the same direction as the prevailing wind

Back 49

Leeward Side

Front 50

A ________ of smoke may help a firefighter identify the direction the wind is blowing

Back 50

Plume

Front 51

The open areas around a smoke ejector must be properly sealed to prevent air from ___________ back into the building

Back 51

Recirculating

Front 52

What pushes air back into open spaces in the doorway or window and can also pull smoke back into the room?

Back 52

Atmospheric Pressure

Front 53

________________ reduces ventilation efficiency

Back 53

Recirculation

Front 54

Where should the smoke ejector be located in a building?

Back 54

Near the top of the opening

Front 55

What can happen if windows and doors are opened near the smoke ejector?

Back 55

Ventilation efficiency is reduced

Front 56

____________ is a mechanical ventilation technique that uses a high volume fan to create a slightly higher pressure inside a building than that outside

Back 56

Positive Pressure Ventilation

Front 57

When the pressure is _________ inside the building, the smoke inside the building is forced through openings to the _________ pressure area outside

Back 57

Higher; Lower

Front 58

The "entry (Inlet) opening or point"

Back 58

Location where the fan or blower is set up

Front 59

When using PPV to ventilate a multistory building, it's best to apply positive pressure at the ___________ point

Back 59

Lowest

Front 60

_________ is applied to the building at ground level though the use of one or more blowers

Back 60

Positive Pressure

Front 61

Firefighters can set up __________ blowers without entering the smoke-filled structure

Back 61

Positive Pressure Ventilation

Front 62

PPV is equally effective with __________ ventilation or _____________ ventilation

Back 62

Horizontal; Vertical

Front 63

Removal of smoke and heat from a structure is more effective in __________

Back 63

Positive Pressure Ventilation

Front 64

What type of ventilation is ineffective in large, high-ceiling areas?

Back 64

Negative Pressure Ventilation

Front 65

In __________ ventilation, hidden fires may be accelerated and spread throughout the building

Back 65

Positive Pressure Ventilation

Front 66

The wide angle fog pattern in Hydraulic Ventilation should cover ____ to _____ percent of the window or door opening

Back 66

85-90%

Front 67

The nozzle tip should be at least ____ feet back from the opening in Hydraulic Ventilation efforts

Back 67

2 Feet

Front 68

The larger the opening, the _________ ventilation will occur

Back 68

Faster

Front 69

______ vertical ventilation is intended to aid in reaching and extinguishing the fire

Back 69

Offensive

Front 70

________ vertical ventilation is meant to stop fire spread and contain it in one area of the structure

Back 70

Defensive

Front 71

Both before and after ventilating, where should you walk on the roof whenever possible?

Back 71

On the load bearing walls and strongest points of the roof

Front 72

Between the supports, the roof will feel ________ and __________

Back 72

Softer and Less Rigid

Front 73

What type of roofs will not respond to Sounding?

Back 73

Roofs with several layers of composition shingles

Front 74

What type of roofs cannot be sounded?

Back 74

Roofs covered with tile or slate

Front 75

Before cutting any type of ventilation hole, you should cut an ___________

Back 75

Inspection Hole

Front 76

__________ help to determine the location of a fire and the direction of travel of a fire that is located in an attic or cockloft

Back 76

Inspection holes

Front 77

What are the two primary inspection holes?

Back 77

Kerf Cut and Triangle or "A" cut

Front 78

The easiest and fastest inspection hole to cut

Back 78

Kerf Cut

Front 79

How big should the hole of the kerf cut be?

Back 79

The width of the saw or axe blade

Front 80

A major disadvantage of this cut is that the heat from a fire can cause the tar or membrane material to melt and seal up the cut

Back 80

Kerf Cut

Front 81

This cut provides the most reliable information of conditions beneath the roof

Back 81

Triangle Cut

Front 82

Whats the first step in making a Triangle Cut?

Back 82

Make a diagonal cut from upper left to lower right

Front 83

________ ventilation involves making an opening over the seat of the fire or near the highest point of the roof

Back 83

Offensive Ventilation

Front 84

A ________ or ________ opening is easier to cut and easier to repair after the fire

Back 84

Square or Rectangular

Front 85

One large opening, at least _________, is much better than several small ones

Back 85

4 x 8 Feet

Front 86

The most common type of openings made in flat roofs

Back 86

Square of Rectangular

Front 87

A ____________ cut in roof creates a shield for responders while also opening vertical ventilation

Back 87

Louver Cut

Front 88

When the truss is in the middle of the building, a ________ cut is used

Back 88

Louver Cut

Front 89

The initial opening of a Louver Cut should be no smaller than _________

Back 89

4 x 8 Feet

Front 90

On a Louver Cut, make the _______ cuts across the top and bottom of the rafters, and the ________ cuts parallel to either side of the rafter

Back 90

Short; Long

Front 91

Always cut exhaust openings at or very near the _______ point on the roof

Back 91

Highest Point

Front 92

The Trench Cut is strictly a ___________ operation

Back 92

Defensive

Front 93

A ________ cut is used to create a fire break that stops the spread of fire in common attic structures or large structures

Back 93

Trench Cut

Front 94

The Trench Cut opening must be created at least ________ feet ahead of the advancing fire

Back 94

30 feet

Front 95

How is the Trench Cut made?

Back 95

2 parallel cuts that extend from one exterior wall to the opposite exterior wall

Front 96

A trench cut about _____ to ____ feet wide is usually suficient

Back 96

3 to 4 feet wide

Front 97

Windowless buildings usually require __________ ventilation for the removal of smoke

Back 97

Mechanical

Front 98

Personnel required for search and rescue and fire fighting operations in high rise buildings is often ____ to _____ times as great as required for a fire typical in a low rise building

Back 98

4 to 6 Times

Front 99

_____________ is the natural movement of heat and smoke throughout a building

Back 99

Stack Effect