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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the difference b/w an active & an inactive plaque in MS?
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1. Active plaque: evidence of ongoing myelin breakdown w/lipid-filled macrophages mixed w/ lymphocytes & monocytes.
2. Inactive plaque: inflammation subsides, gliosis present w/ little to no myelin. |
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What are the CSF findings in MS?
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-Protein elevated, mild pleocytosis.
-Total protein > 110 & cell cts >55 make dx unliekly. -IgG elevated, oligoclonal IgG bands in 90. -70% have Abx to measules, smaller number to rubella, mumps, HSV. -Myelin proteins detected by radioimmunoassay in CSF. |
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What is the most common degenerative dz & most common cause of dementia in adults?
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Alzheimer's
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What are the characteristics of degenerative disease?
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1. Progressive loss of neurons-->leads to dementia, defects.
2. Selective neuronal loss, 3. No clear inciting event. 4. Lewy bodies 5. Neurofibrillary tangles. |
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What are the three morphological findings in Alzheimer's disease?
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1. Neurofibrillary tangles
2. Neurtic (senile) plaques 3. Amyloid angiopathy. |
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What histological technique is the best one to view neurofibrillary tangles of Alzheimer's?
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Silver stain (tangle may push neucleus to 1 side)
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How can one assess the degree of dementia of Alzheimer's patient?
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# of neurofibrillary tangles, loss of choline acetyltransferase, immunostaining w/ synaptophysin, & amyloid burden.
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What increases the risk of AD and lowers the age of onset?
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1 allele of the apolipoprotein on chr 19, overrepresented allele in AP pts, & thus larger burden of AB.
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What happens to gross brain w/ Pick's disease?
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Atrophy of frontal, parietal, & temporal lobes w/ occipital sparing.
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What are the elements of Parkinsonism?
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1. Diminished facial expression
2. Stooped posture 3. Slowness of voluntary mvmt 4. Festinating gait (progressively, shorter accelerated steps), 5. Rigidity 6. Pill-rolling tremors |
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What is the basis for the inherited form of Parkinson's disease?
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a-synuclein
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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Characteristics
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-Affects LMNs of spinal cod;
-Neuronal muscle atrophy -Loss of neurons in anterior horns of spinal cord -dismutase gene (SOD1) -Gross: anterior roots of spinal cord appear atrophic by being thin; |
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Progressive Bulbar Palsy
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Involvement of cranial nerve predominates; aka Bulbar ALS
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What are the 3 genetic metabolic diseases affect NS?
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1. Neuronal Storage Diseases
2. Leukodystrophies 3. Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathies. |
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Neuronal Storage Diseases Characteristics (ex. Tay Sachs)
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Mostly AR, Cause: deficiency of specific enzyme req'd in nl catabolism of sphingolipids, mucopolysaccharides, so substrate accumulation.
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Mitochondria Encephalomyopathies Characteristics
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-D/o of oxidative phosphorylation
-Resulting from mutations in mitochondrial genome -typically involve gray matter & skeletal muscle. |