T3 Komiskey - Drugs Of Addiction

Front 1

just for fun, name the top five drugs prescribed in 2005.

Back 1

1. hydrocodone, 2. lexapro, 3. vicodin, 4. xanax, 5. adderall

Front 2

what common ingredient commonly found in OTC cough and cold remedies has been involved in many ER visits with overuse reports of hallucinations, and a high like PCP gives?

Back 2

DXM - Dextromethorphan

Front 3

what is the common neurotransmitter involved in all abusive drugs?

Back 3

DOPAMINE - relates to pleasure, motor, and cognitive function; serotonin is also usually involved (fxn: mood, memory processing, sleep, cognition); GABA gets inhibited

Front 4

name the major structures in the brain involved in reward.

Back 4

ventral tegmental area (dopamine supplies), nucleus accumbens, and frontal cortex

Front 5

out of the 4 major dopaminergic tracts of the brain, which system is key in the reward system?

Back 5

Mesolimbic dopamine SYSTEM - neurons originate in the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) and send projections to the nucleus accumbens; the MDS also has association with the amygdala (decides what experiences were pleasureable or bad); hippocampus (records the memories of the experience); prefrontal cortex (coordinates the info. and determines ultimate behavior)

Front 6

name some drugs that cause dopamine release.

Back 6

opioids, nicotine, marijuana, caffeine, alcohol

Front 7

what is the MOA of cocaine?

Back 7

blocks the neuronal transporter (blocks reuptake of dopamine, 5-HT, and norE)

Front 8

what is the MOA of amphetamines?

Back 8

release neuronal stores of catecholamines, esp. norE and dopamine (amphetamines may cause neurotox)

Front 9

There are 4 main brain circuits involved in drug addiction. name them and some of there associations.

Back 9

REWARD (nucleus accumbens and VTA); MEMORY/LEARNING (hippocampus and amygdala); MOTIVATION/DRIVE (orbito-frontal cortex); INHIBITORY CONTROL (pre-Frontal cortex and anterior cingulate gyrus)

Front 10

in chronic drug abusers the ability to achieve reward takes what?

Back 10

more drug - brain gets re-wired

Front 11

who is more likely to become a drug abuser, a dominant personality or a subordinate personality?

Back 11

subordinate

Front 12

since drug abuse and psychiatric disorders tend to overlap, cocaine and methamphetamines can mimic what disorder?

Back 12

schizophrenia, paranoia, anhedonia, compulsive behavior

Front 13

since drug abuse and psychiatric disorders tend to overlap, stimulants can mimic what disorder?

Back 13

anxiety, panic attacks, mania and sleep disorders

Front 14

since drug abuse and psychiatric disorders tend to overlap, LSD, ecstasy, and psychedelics can mimic what disorder?

Back 14

delusions and hallucinations

Front 15

since drug abuse and psychiatric disorders tend to overlap, alcohol, sedatives, sleepaids, and narcotics can mimic what disorder?

Back 15

depression and mood disturbances

Front 16

since drug abuse and psychiatric disorders tend to overlap, PCP and Ketamine can mimic what disorder?

Back 16

antisocial behavior

Front 17

according to a swedish study, increased cannabis use has a portional effect to developing what?

Back 17

schizophrenia

Front 18

what is considered the "stress hormone"?

Back 18

cortisol

Front 19

what does dopamine do to cAMP and CREB to initiate tolerance and dependence?

Back 19

at the nucleus accumbens, dopamine increases cAMP and produces delta Fos= these activate CREB which will give rise to proteins that are involved in sensitizing responses to drugs to CREATE TOLERANCE AND DEPENDENCE

Front 20

describe the "steps" or pathogenesis of addiction.

Back 20

acute (reinforcement, reward) -> chronic (tolerance, sensitization, dependence) -> short-term abstinence (withdrawl) -> long-term abstinence (craving, stress-induced relapse)

Front 21

what does methadone, LAAM, and buprenorphine (very high affinity to mu opiod receptor; receptor will bind to buprenorphine over other opiods)do to what type of receptors?

Back 21

activate/bind opioid receptors - this helps in reducing the reward value of drugs

Front 22

what does nalonone do to what type of receptors?

Back 22

blocks opioid receptors

Front 23

what does nictotine gum/patch do to what type of receptors?

Back 23

activate nicotinic receptors

Front 24

how will a person react differently in regard to alcohol and drugs if he or she has an increased amount of DA D2 receptors?

Back 24

increased amount of DA D2 receptors would give unpleasant effects with methylphenidate and they would likely not consume as much alcohol (since it's not pleasant)

Front 25

those people with a decreased amount of DA D2 are more or less likely to become addicts, answer and explain.

Back 25

more likely; they have a more pleasurable effect from the drug and will therefore use it again

Front 26

Name the drugs that work by reducing pleasure from a drug experience.

Back 26

Disulfiram (EtOH), Naltrexone (blocks opioid receptors), Buprenorphine (attaches to opioid receptor so other opioids can't)

Front 27

Name the location in the CNS that is responsible for motivation/drive.

Back 27

orbitofrontal cortex - becomes hypoactive during abuse

Front 28

What is reduced in a detoxified drug user?

Back 28

reduced activity of the orbitofrontal cortex (motivation/drive; integrates internal and external environ) and reduced number of DA D2 receptors in the striatum

Front 29

what are mirror neurons?

Back 29

a neuron that fires both when someone performs the action or when someone observes the same action performed by another; especially located in the premotor cortex (ps. i have no idea what this has to do with drug addiction)

Front 30

name the locations responsible for memory/learning? why is this important in drug abuse?

Back 30

amygdala and hippocampus; certain people, places, adn things will trigger or create an intense desire to do the drug again

Front 31

where is the control circuit located and why is it important in drug abuse?

Back 31

prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate gyrus(limbic system-emotion forming, learning/memory); drug abusers lose the connection between control and other areas like inhibition, motivation, etc.; When an abuser has reduced prefrontal fxning, an exposure to cues will cause over activation of reward center and under activation of prefrontal inhibitory circuits

Front 32

how do you treat a drug abuser to improve the prefrontal cortical control mechanisms?

Back 32

cognitive therapy, education, exercises (puzzles, computer games, crossword puzzles) and vertical integration