Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
8 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
what are the 7 possible blood disorders?
|
hemorrhage
thrombosis embolism infarction shock edema congestion |
|
|
what's hemorrhage?
|
bleeding - caused by trauma, hypertension, aneurism (dilatation and eventual dissection), vasculitis that leads to necrosis/breaking of walls, weird coagulation, and eventually infarct (blood going to dead tissue tends to clot).
note that there are internal and external hemorrhages: internal has more names, like hematoma, hemopericardium/thorax/peritonieum hemarthrosis (bleeding into joints) petechie = small surface bleeds purpura = bigger ecchyomosis = bruise |
|
|
what should we know about thrombosis? what's the fate of one that stays in place vs. one that moves?
|
thrombus = clot in the non-interrupted (not bleeding out) vascular system.
know that endothelial injury is key to thrombic formation - the collagen at the side of unprotected walls serves as a signal to begin the clotting cascade. things that cause endothelial injury, including TURBULENCE (where vessels branch, on venous valves, etc) and STASIS (sitting for long periods) facilitate thrombus formation. hypercoagubility is also pro-thrombic. this is found after BURS AND SURGERY. it can stay in place and occlude, or move and be an EMBOLIS, or lyse and go away, or ORGANIZE and scar into the local area. |
|
|
what's an embolism, what are the different kinds...?
|
object that is TRANSPORTED to the area of occlusion via the vasculature.
can be a thrombs (clotted blood, usually), but not confined to this: can be air, fat, cholesterol, tumor, bone marrow, amniotic fluid, or foreign objects (IV drug users get these). note that a patent foramen ovale can allow a venous obstruction to enter the arterial circulation, or vice versa. sometimes put in collection baskets in people's inferior vena cavas to catch leg clots before they go to the lungs. |
|
|
what's an infarct? gross/microscopic morphology? factors that influence development? different tissues specifically?
|
infarct is from insufficient blood supply that leads to NECROSIS.
could be due to thrombotic occlusion, or to am embolism that moved to the area, or TORSION (testicular/ovarian), or INCARCERATION (organs in the wrong place, like a herniated piece of bowel). at the microscopic level, you'll see scar formation later on in some tissues (like hearts - they can get VERY fibrotic). in the brain, get LIQUEFACTIVE necrosis due to the lack of fibroblasts. |
|
|
what's shock? what can cause it?
|
there's cardiogenic, where the heart stops pumping
hypovolemic - bleeding out septic - results in VENOUS POOLING neurogenic and anaphylactic both involve decreased venous return. can be caused by heart failing, hypovolemia, OR VASODILATION |
|
|
what's edema and what causes it?
|
TRANSUDATE collection in the INTRACELLULAR spaces OR body cavities.
remember that this depends on the HYDROSTATIC and OSMOTIC pressure of the vascular compartment, and on the same factors (osmotic and hydrostatic) pressures of the INTERSTITIUM. For example, if you don't have very many proteins in the blood, it'll be difficult to attract fluid back into the vasculature and you get edema. also depends on lymphatic drainage (without it, fluid backs up). caused by increased intravascular hydrostatic pressure, decreased osmotic pressure in the vessels, or lowered lymphatic drainage. |
|
|
what's hyperemia or congestion?
|
extra BLOOD in ORGAN or TISSUE. comes from too much blood going in or too little blood coming out.
|
