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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three zones of the adrenal cortex?
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Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis |
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Where are epinephrine and norepinephrine secretion?
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From the adrenal medulla
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Epinephrine and Norepinephrine are secreted in response to ...
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sympathetic stimulation
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What class of hormones are secreted from the adrenal cortex?
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corticosteroids
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What is the outer most layer of the adrenal cortex? What hormone is secreted from this zone?
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Z. glomerulosa
Aldosterone |
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What stimulates the release of aldosterone?
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Angiotensin II
Potassium |
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What is the middle layer of the cortex and also makes up 75% of the cortex?
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Z. fasciculata
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What hormones are secreted from Z. fasciculata? What stimulates the hormonal secretion?
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Cortisol
Corticosterone ACTH from the anterior pituitary |
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What is the deep layer of the adrenal cortex and what hormones does it secrete?
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Z. reticularis
DHEA Androstenedione |
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What area of the adrenals secrete mineralcorticoids?
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ZG
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What area of the adrenals secrete glucocorticoids?
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ZF
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What area of the adrenals secrete androgens?
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ZR
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What area of the adrenals secrete catecholamines?
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Medulla
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What areas of the adrenals are under ACTH control?
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ZF and ZR
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What areas of the adrenals are under renin-angiotensin control?
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ZG
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What area of the adrenals are under sympathetic control?
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Medulla
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What disease is characterized by complete adrenal insufficiency?
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Addison's
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Discuss the significance of chromaffin cells.
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modified postganglionic neurons innervated by cholinergic sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Located in the adrenal medulla.
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What is the distribution of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla?
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80/20- E/NE
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Why is the adrenal medulla not necessary for life?
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Sympathetic system can regulate necessary functions.
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What is the sole source of epinephrine?
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Adrenal Medulla
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Beta-adrenergic receptors have more affinity for ...
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Epinephrine
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Alpha-adrenergic receptors have more affinity for ...
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Norepinephrine
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What is a chromaffin tumor called? What is the pathology?
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pheochromocytoma
Over secretion of catecholamines |
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All human steroid hormones are made from ...
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cholesterol
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What is the rate-limiting step in hormone metabolism from cholesterol?
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desmolase
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What binding proteins transport cortical hormones in blood?
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albumin
corticosteroid binding globulin |
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What is mechanism of action for cortical hormones?
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Alter gene transcription
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What hormone accounts for 95% of all glucocorticoid activity?
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Cortisol
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What is the function of glucocorticoids?
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To restore homeostasis following stress
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How do glucocorticoids trigger a negative feedback mechanism?
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Decrease corticotropin releasing hormone from hypothalamus
Decrease ACTH from anterior pituitary |
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Why are glucocorticoids released following injury and stress?
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For anti-inflammatory effects and for increased availability of energy for the synthesis of new cells and tissue.
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Glucocorticoid therapy has utility in ...
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Allergies
Autoimmune diseases Transplantations |
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Cortisol triggers negative feedback by ...
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Inhibiting CRH and ACTH
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What is diurnal rhythm and which hormones show this behavior?
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a 24 hour cycle
CRH and ACTH |
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What hormone account for 90% of mineralocorticoid activity?
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Aldosterone
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Overproduction of what hormone will cause hypokalemia?
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Aldosterone
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Increase in which ion concentration will increase aldosterone secretion?
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K
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Although ACTH is necessary for the secretion of aldosterone, what does it fail to control?
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the rate of secretion
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Describe Addison's disease in terms of mineralocorticoid deficiency.
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No Aldosterone
Decreased cardiac output leading to circulatory shock and death due to loss of Na |
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Describe Addison's disease in terms of glucocorticoid deficiency.
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No cortisol
Lack of fuel mobilization hypoglycemia leading to death Extremely stress sensitive |
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Describe Addison's disease in terms of pigmentation.
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Lack of negative feedback to the hypothalamus and pituitary, increasing ACTH and MSH causing increase formation of melanin
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TB can cause what adrenal pathology?
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Addison's
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What is Cushing's syndrome?
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Hyperadrenalism
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What conditions are common with excess glucocorticoids?
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adrenal diabetes
buffalo torso/moon face weakness, osteoporosis and striae on skin due to protein loss |
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What is Conn's syndrome?
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Primary Aldosteronism: Aldosterone secreting tumor in the ZG
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What are the primary symptoms of Conn's syndrome?
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Muscle paralysis from hypokalemia
Hypertension from excess aldosterone Low renin due to feedback inhibition from increased arterial pressure |
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What is the pathology related to adrenogenital syndrome?
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Androgen secreting adrenocortical tumor-- causing masculinization of females and rapid development of males
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