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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How much total energy is available in the form of extracellular glucose?
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20 g = 1 hour of energy
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How much total energy is available in the form of glycogen?
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300 g = < 1 day
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What is the metabolic effect of catecholamines?
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Increase blood sugars and total available energy via glycogenolysis and lipolysis.
Increase is glucagon and decrease in insulin |
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What is the metabolic effect of glucocorticoids?
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Preservation of carbohydrate reserves and mobilization of alternative fuels
Will increase lipolysis, gluconeogenesis, and protein degradation |
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How does GH effect metabolism?
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Shift from utilization of glucose to free fatty acids without increased protein breakdown
Increase fatty acid catabolism |
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How does thyroid hormone effect metabolism?
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Overall increase in metabolism
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What hormones are fuel storage factors?
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insulin
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What hormones are fuel mobilization factors (5)?
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Glucagon
GH TH Catecholamines Glucocorticoids |
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Hyperglycemia causes the release of which hormone?
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insulin
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Hypoglycemia causes the release of which hormone?
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Glucagon and Catecholamine
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How is T4 conversion affected by fasting? Why?
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Conversion is stopped to decrease base metabolic rate to conserve energy
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How is the effect of GH affected by prolonged fasting?
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No more IGF is created due to attenuated anabolism
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Gluconeogenesis will increase which waste product that must be excreted by the kidney?
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NH4, excreted as urea
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During starvation, when will protein degradation start and stop?
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Once all fat stores are depleted, protein degradation will pick up rapidly until respiratory failure and death
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What hormones are increased during fasting (2) ?
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Glucagon
GH |
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What hormones are decreased during fasting (3)?
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Insulin
T3 Cortisol (Glucocorticoid) (slight) |
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When will fat metabolism increase with aerobic exercise?
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after 3 hours it can increase to 70% of the total energy expenditure
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Which hormone decreases with sustained exercise?
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Insulin
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What is the hunger center?
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Lateral hypothalamic center
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What is the satiety center?
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Ventromedial nucleus
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What hormones are released by the lateral hypothalamic center and what do they do?
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Melanin-concentrating hormone which will trigger an increase in food intake
Orexins which cause arousal and food seeking behavior |
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What hormone does the ventromedial nucleus release and what does it do?
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Brain-derived neurotrophic factor which will decrease food intake (trigger satiety)
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A lesion of the paraventricular nucleus will ...
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cause excessive eating
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A lesion of the dorsomedial nucleus will ...
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depress eating behavior
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What is the role of the arcuate nucleus in appetite control?
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Allows the integration of signals from adipose and GI to converge to regulate appetite (No BBB)
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There are two classes of hypothalamic hormones that regulate appetite, what are they?
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Orexigenic - feeding
Anorexigenic - inhibiting feeding |
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What are they two anorexigenic hormones?
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alpha-Melanocyte stimulating hormone
Cocaine and Amphetamine regulating transcript (CART) |
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What are the two orexigenic hormones?
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Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
Agouti-related peptide (AGRP) |
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Which orexigenic hormone is a competitive inhibitor of an anorexigenic hormone?
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Agouti-related Peptide is an inhibitor of alpha-Melanocyte stimulating hormone
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Excessive activation of which hormone is linked to anorexia?
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Melanocyte stimulating hormone
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Both NPY and AGRP act on which nucleus? What is the effect?
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PVN
Stimulate feeding and competitively inhibit MSH |
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What brainstem nucleus control the mechanics of feeding?
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Solitary nucleus via the area postrema which has no BBB
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How does destruction of the amygdala effect appetite control?
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loss of regulation that determines type and quality of food that should be eaten
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What are the two modes by which the GI tract can signal appetite regulation?
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1. GI distension signaled via the vagus
2. GI hormones |
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What are the GI hormones (4)?
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1. CCK
2. Peptide YY 3. Glucagon-like peptide 4. Ghrelin |
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What is the only orexigenic GI hormone?
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Ghrelin
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Where is Ghrelin secreted and what is the function?
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From the stomach and intestine to increase food intake
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What are the anorexigenic GI hormones?
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CCK
Peptide YY Glucagon-like peptide |
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When and where is CCK released?
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From the doudenum when fat enters the intestine
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What is the function of peptide YY?
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To slow gastric emptying, proportional to caloric intake
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What is the function of glucagon-like peptide?
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to increase insulin
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What is the effect of leptin? What cells release leptin?
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To decrease food intake
Released by adipose cells |
