The Skeletal System

Front 1

Joints

Back 1

The sites where 2 skeletal elements come together.

Front 2

The synovial membrane

Back 2

Attaches to the margins of the joint surfaces at interface between cartilage and bone

Encloses the articular cavity.

It is highly vascular

Produces synovial fluid, which lubricates the articulating surfaces in the articular cavity

Closed sacs of synovial membrane occur outside joints, forming synovial bursae and tendon sheaths.

Front 3

Synovial joints and their features

Back 3

Connections between skeletal components where the elements are separated by a narrow articular cavity.

A layer of cartilage, usually hyaline cartilage, covers articulating structures of the skeletal elements. This makes it look like there is a gap between bones in X-rays.

Synovial joints have joint capsules consisting of an inner synovial membrane and an outer fibrous membrane.

Front 4

Synovial Bursa

Back 4

Closed sac of synovial membrane that intervenes between structures to reduce the friction of one structure moving over the other.

Front 5

Tendon sheaths

Back 5

Surround tendons and reduces friction.

Front 6

Fibrous Membrane

Back 6

Made of dense connective tissue.

It surrounds and stabilizes the joint. Parts of it may thicken to form ligaments to further stabilize the joint.

Front 7

Articular disks

Back 7

Additional structure sometimes found in sinovial joints.

Absorb compression forces.

adjust to changes in the contours of joint surfaces during movements Increase the range of movements that can occur at joints.

Front 8

Fat Pads

Back 8

Additional structure sometimes found in sinovial joints.

Usually occur between synovial membrane and the Capsule.

Move into and out of regions as joint contours change during movement.

Front 9

Plane joints

Back 9

Allow sliding or gliding movements when one bone moves across the surface of another.

Hint 9

Acromioclavicular joint

Front 10

Hinge joints

Back 10

Allow movement around one axis that passes transversely through the joint, permits flexion and extension. Uniaxial.

Hint 10

Elbow joint

Front 11

Pivot joints

Back 11

Allow movement around one axis that passes longitudinally along the shaft of the bone, permits rotation.

Hint 11

Atlanto-axial joint

Front 12

Bicondylar joints

Back 12

Allow movement mostly in one axis with limited rotation around a second axis; formed by 2 convex condyles that articulate with concave and flat surfaces.

Hint 12

Knee joint

Front 13

Condylar joints

Back 13

Allow movement around 2 axes that are at right angles to each other. Permit flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and limited circumduction.

Hint 13

Wrist joint

Front 14

Saddle joints

Back 14

Allow movement around 2 axes that are at right angles to each other; the articular surfaces are saddle shaped; permit flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction

Hint 14

Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

Front 15

Ball and Socket joints

Back 15

Allow movement around multiple axes; permit flexion, extension,abduction, adduction, circumduction and rotation.

Hint 15

Hip joint

Front 16

Solid joint

Back 16

Connections between skeletal elements where the adjacent surfaces are linked together by fibrous connective tissue or by cartilage, usually fibro-cartilage. Movement is highly restricted.

Front 17

Sutures

Back 17

Type of fibrous joint. Occurs in skull where adjacent bones are linked by a thin layer of connective tissue called a sutural ligament.

Front 18

Gomphoses

Back 18

Type of fibrous joint. Occurs between teeth and adjacent bone. Short collagen tissue fibers in the periodontal ligament run between the root of the tooth and the bony socket.

Front 19

Syndesmoses

Back 19

Type of fibrous joint. Two adjacent bones are linked by a ligament.

Front 20

Synchondroses

Back 20

Type of Cartilaginous joint. Occurs where 2 ossification centers in a developing bone remain separated by a layer of cartilage. These joints allow bone growth and are eventually ossified.

Front 21

Sympheses

Back 21

Type of Cartilaginous joint. Occurs where 2 seperate bones are interconnected by cartilage.

Front 22

Axial skeleton

Back 22

Consists of bones of the skull, Vertebral column, ribs and sternum

Front 23

Appendicular skeleton

Back 23

Consists of bones of the upper and lower limbs

Front 24

Cartilage

Back 24

Avascular connective tissue that consists of extracellular fibers embedded in a matrix that contains cells localized in small cavities.

The amount and kind of extracellular fibers in the matrix varies depending on the cartilage type. In weight bearing areas the collagen increases dramatically and it is inextensible. In less weight bearing areas cartilage contains more elastic fibers and less collage .

Front 25

Cartilage function

Back 25

Support soft tissue

Provide a smooth, gliding surface for bone articulations at joints

Enable the development and growth of long bones.

Front 26

Hyaline cartilage

Back 26

Matrix contains moderate collagem fibers

Front 27

Elastic cartilage

Back 27

Matrix contains collagen fibers along with lots of elastic fibers

Front 28

Fibrocartilage

Back 28

Matrix contains limited number of cells and ground substance amidst lots of collagen fibers

Hint 28

Intervertebral disks

Front 29

Bone

Back 29

Calcified, living, connective tissue that forms majority of skeleton. Consists of an intercellular calcified matrix, containing collage fibers, and several cell types within the matrix.

Front 30

Bone function

Back 30

supportive structures for the bodyProtectors of vital organsReservoirs of calcium and phosphorusLevers on which muscles act to produce movementContainers for blood-producing cells

Front 31

Compact bone

Back 31

Dense bone that forms the outer shell of all bones and surrounds spongy bone.

Front 32

Spongy bone

Back 32

Consists of spicules of bone enclosing cavities containing blood-forming cells (marrow).

Front 33

Bone classifications

Back 33

Long bones are tubular

Short bones are cuboidal

Flat bones are two compact bone plates separated by spongy bone

Irregular bones are bones of various shapes

Sesamoid bones are round or oval bones that develop in tendons.

Front 34

Blood flow of bone

Back 34

Generally an adjacent artery gives off a nutrient artery, usually 1 per bone. It directly enters the internal cavity and supplies the marrow, spongy bone and inner layers of compact bone.

Front 35

Periosteum

Back 35

External covering on all bones except joint area. Fibrous connective tissue, can form new bone. Bone cannot survive without its periosteum. It receives blood vessels whose branches supply the outer layers of compact bone. Unlike bone, the periosteum has numerous sensory nerve fibres and is sensitive to injury.