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246 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Peptic ulcer |
Sore in lining of stomach Hcl and pepsin present |
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Inflammatory bowel disease |
General term Inflammation of intestines |
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Crohns disease |
Ibd that affects alimentary canal |
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Ulcerative colitis |
IBD that affects colon |
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Hepatitis |
Virus causing inflammation of liver |
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Cirrhosis |
Chronic liver disease that occurs when scar tissue replaces healthy tissue (prevents proper function of liver) |
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Diabetes |
Body cells are unable to use glucose to provide energy for muscles and tissues |
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Peptic ulcer symptoms |
-Abdominal pain Bloating |
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Why do ulcers form |
Lining of tissues inflame because protective mucus has weakened |
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How are ulcers treated |
Antibiotics |
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Forms of IBD |
Crohns Ulcerative colitis |
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CHRONS |
Form of IBD children dont grow properly, weak bones |
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Disorders of accessory organs |
Hepititis Cirrhosis |
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3 types of hepatitis |
ABC |
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Hepatitis type A cause |
Contaminated water |
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Hepatitis type B cause |
Sexual contact |
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Hep c cause |
Contact with infected blood |
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Cirrhosis cause |
Alcoholism |
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Cirrhosis tests |
Blood test |
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What are Gallstones |
Hard small masses that form in gall bladder |
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Cause of gallstones |
Obesity alcohol hereditary |
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Is endoscopy invasive or non invasive |
Non invasive |
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Why does diabetes develop |
Jon enough insulin in bloodstream |
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Three types of diabetes |
1 2 gestational |
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Type 1 diabetes |
When insulin is destroyed by immune system |
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Type 2 diabetes |
When body does not make enough insulin |
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Gestational diabetes |
Develops during pregnancy Results from pregnancy hormones |
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Frederick Banting and charles best |
Discovered connection between insulin and diabetes Created insulin injections |
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Gas exchange |
Transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into bloodand co2 from blood to lungs |
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Ventilation |
Moving an oxygen containing medium over respiratory surface |
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Diffusion gradient |
Oxygen molecules move from region of high concentration to low |
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Diaphragm |
Muscle that seperates theoratic cavity from abdominal cavity |
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Spirograph |
Graph representing amount of air that moves in and out of lungs |
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Tidal volume |
Volume of air that is inhaled and exhaled when body at rest |
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Inspiratory reserve volume |
Additional volume of air that can be taken into lungs beyond tidal inhalation |
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Excitatory reserve volume |
Additional volume forced out of lungs |
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Vital cavity |
Volume of gas that can be moved in or out of lungs |
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Residual volume |
Volume that remains in lungs |
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First stage of respiration |
Breathing |
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Second stage of respiration |
Exchange if oxygen and co2 |
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Third stage of respiration |
Exchange of oxygen and xo2 between blood and tissues |
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Fourth stage of respiration |
Cellular respiration |
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2 requirements for respiration |
1. Respiratory surface must be long enough 2. Moist environment |
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4 respiratory surfaces in animals |
Outerskin Gills Tracheal Lungs |
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Pharynx |
Passageway behind mouth that connects mouth and nasal cavity to larynx and espphogus |
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Trachea is also known as |
Windpipe |
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Trachea |
Carries air from nasal passage to bronchi and lungs |
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Glottis |
Opening of trachea where ait enters the layrnx |
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Where is the larynx |
Between glottis and vocal chords |
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Bronchus |
Passageway branching from bronchi in lungs to. Smaller tubes |
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Alveolus |
Where respiratory gases exchange |
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Hemoglobin |
Iron containing protein found in red blood cells |
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Function of hemoglobin |
Binds and transports oxygen from lungs to body |
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How respiration works |
1. Air enters 2. Air warmed/cleaned in nasal passage Warm air passes from nassal passages to pharynx |
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Larynx is also known as |
Voice box |
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What is the layrnx made from |
Cartilage |
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Purpose of larynx |
Sound production |
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What are vocal chords |
Folds of membrane stretched across larynx |
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How does sound form from vocal chords |
Vocal chords move closer together so pressure from lungs makes them vibrate |
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Longer vocal chords results with |
Higher sound |
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What are the 2 tubes that branch from trachea |
Bronchi 1 bronchi enters each lung |
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Lungs are divided into regions called... |
Lobes |
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How many lobes does the right lung have |
3 |
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How many lobes does the left lung have |
2 |
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Each lung is surrounded by |
Pleural membrane |
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What happens to bronchi inside lungs |
Subdivides several times into bronchioles |
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What is at the end of each bronchiole |
Aveole |
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Whatbis transported through the blood stream during respiration |
Oxygen Carbon dioxide |
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How much of oxygen is carried by hemoglobin |
99% |
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How much co2 is carried in blood by hemoglobin |
23% |
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How much co2 is carried in blood fluids |
77% |
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Tonsillitis |
Tonsil infection caused by virus or bacteria |
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Laryngitis |
Inflammation of larynx |
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Pneumonia |
Inflammation in both lungs |
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Bronchitis |
Inflammation of mucus membrane of bronchi |
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Asthma |
Lung disease causing chronic inflammation and overproduction of mucus |
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Emphysema |
Chronic respiratory disease that affects ability of lungs to expel air |
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Cystic fibrosis |
Thick build up of mucus in lungs |
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Carcinoma |
Tumour made up of rapidly multiplying cells |
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Metastasis |
Spread of cancerous cells from their original site to parts of body |
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Computed axial tomography |
Xray technique for organs |
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Two photon microscopy |
Uses photons to form images of living tissues |
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Bronchscopy |
Viewing, treating tissues of respiratory system |
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Function of tonsils |
-Prevents bacteria from entering respiratory system |
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Symptoms of tonsillitis |
Red, swollen tonsils, sore throat, fever, |
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2 types of pneumonia |
Lobular, bronchial |
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Lobular pneumonia affects.. |
Lobe of lung |
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Bronchial pneumonia affects |
Patches of lung |
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What is acute bronchitis caused by |
Bacteria infection |
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What is chronic bronchitis caused by |
Regular exposures |
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What happens to cilia during bronchitis |
Becomes destroyed |
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Why do asthma attacks occur |
Muscles around airway contract and increase mucus production |
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Why does emphysema occur |
Walls of alveoli loose elasticity. Reduction in respiratory surface for gas exchange -Airflow blocked |
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Technique for treating lung cancer |
Radiation Chemotherapy Surgery |
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Blood vessel |
Hollow tube that carries blood to and from body tissues |
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Open circulatory system |
Vessels open into animals body cavity |
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Closed circulatory system |
Blood kept seperate from interstitial fluids |
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Pulmonary artery |
Blood vessel that carries blood from heart to lungs |
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Pulmonary vein |
Blood vessel that carries blood from lungs to heart |
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Aorta |
Artery that carries blood from heart to other arteries |
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Atrioventricular valve |
Valve in heart between ventricle and atrium |
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Semilunar valve |
Carries blood away from heart |
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Pulmonary circulation |
Path that blood follows from heart to lungs and back to heart |
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Systematic circulation |
Path that blood follows from heart to body to back to heart |
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Cardiac circulation |
Movement of blood through heart tissues |
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Vasodilation |
Widening of blood vessels |
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Vasoconstriction |
Narrowing of blood vessels |
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3 main functions of circulatory system |
1.transportbof oxygen, nutrients 2. Regulates internal temP 3. Protects against blood loss |
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3 main components of circulatory system |
Heart, blood vessels, blood |
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How big is the heart |
Size of fist |
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Walls of heart are called |
Cardiac muscle |
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How many Chambers does the heart have |
4 |
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Two top Chambers of heart are called |
Atria |
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What does atria do |
Fill with blood returning from lungs |
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2 bottom Chambers of heart are called |
Ventricle |
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What do ventricles do |
Recieve blood from atria and pump it to body |
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What does the Superior vena cava do |
Collects oxygen poor blood coming from head chest arms |
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What does interior vena cava do |
Collects oxygen poor blood coming from other tissues |
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Left atrium pumps blood to the |
Left ventricle |
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The right valve of heart is |
Tricuspid |
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Left side of heart is |
Bicuspid |
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What do arteries do |
Carry blood away from heart |
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What do veins do |
Carry blood towards heart |
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Circulatory system of mammals |
Double circulatory system |
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What happens in a double circulatory system |
Blood pumped through one circuit between heart and lungs Pumped through a second circuit between heart and body |
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How much blood is in the human body |
5L |
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2 elements of blood; |
1. Plasma 2. Formed portion |
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Red blood cells are |
Erythrocytes |
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Function of red blood cells |
Oxygen transport |
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White blood cells are |
Leukocytes |
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How do platelets form |
Larger cells in bone marrow break apart ..key role in blood clotting |
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Metabolic process is |
The balancing of heart loss |
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When does vasodilation occur |
Core of body becomes hot and heat needs to be released |
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Sinoatrial node |
Heart cells in right atrium that generate rhythmic signals that cause atria to contract |
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Atrioventricular node |
Heart cells near junction that cause ventricles to contract |
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Electrocardiogram |
Record of electrical impulses generated by beating heart |
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Blood pressure |
Force that blood exerts against walls of blood vessels |
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Systolic pressure |
Pressure generated in circulatory system when ventricles contact |
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Diastolic pressure |
Pressue from circulatory system when ventricles fill with blood |
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Sphygmomanometer |
Medical device used to measure blood pressure |
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Stroke volume |
Volume of blood pumped out of heart with each heart beat |
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Whatbdoes the SA node do |
Generates an electrical signal that spreads over the two atria and makes them contact |
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What does the AV node do |
Transmits an electrical signal through bundle of specialized fibres |
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The normal heart sound is a |
Double beat(2 different valves closing) |
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What causes a murmur |
Blood does not flow into heart smoothly (valve closes incompletely) |
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A sphygmomanometer is a.. |
Blood pressure cuff |
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Blood pressure is measured in |
MmHg |
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Healthy blood pressure |
Below 120 above 80 |
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Hypertension.. |
Causes heart to work harder harder |
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The cardiac output is |
The amount of blood pumped by heart |
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2 contributing factors to cardiac output |
Heart rate Stroke volume |
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Heart rate |
# of beats per minute |
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Stroke volume |
Amount of blood forced out of heart with each beat |
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2 factors that stroke volume is determined by |
1. How easily heart fills with blood 2. How readily blood is emptied from heart |
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Average heart rate |
70 bpm |
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Benefits of cardiovascular fitness |
Enlarges ventricles -increasing elasticity |
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Arteriosclerosis |
Walls of arteries thicken and loose elasticity |
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Angioplasty |
Surgical procedure used to open clogged artery |
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Coronary bypass |
Procedure where Blood flow is rerouted around blocked arteries |
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Aneurysm |
Bulge in artery /heart caused by q weakened area of muscle |
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Arrhythmia |
Irregular heartbeat |
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Ischemic stroke |
Stroke caused by a clot in a blood vessel, blocks blood flow to brain |
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Hemorrhagic stroke |
Stroke caused by bursting of blood vessel in brain |
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Hemophilia |
Blood does not clot properly |
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Leukemia |
Cancer of white blood cells |
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Most common type of arteriosclerosis |
Atherosclerosis |
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Atherosclerosis |
Plaque builds up on inside of artery walls -Blood flow decreased, pressure increased |
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2 methods of treating arteriosclerosis |
Angioplasty Coronary bypass |
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Stenosis |
Heart valve disease |
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Mitral valve prolapse |
Mitral valve flaps bukges back into atrium, prevents valve to seal tight |
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How are arrhythmias treated |
Pacemaker |
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Examples of congenital heart defects |
Heart murmur Valve defects |
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Anemia |
When blood contains fewer than normal healthy red blood cells -Caused by blood loss or not enough hemoglobin |
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2 types of Leukemia |
Myeloid Lymphoid |
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Myeloid leukemia |
Too many leukocytes |
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Lymphoid leukemia |
Cancer of lymphocytes |
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Macromolecule |
Large molecules made up of small linked molecules |
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Metabolism |
All chemical reactions in an organism |
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Essential nutrient |
Nutrient that cannot be made in the body |
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Monosaccharide |
Simple sugar 3-7 carbon atoms |
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Disaccharide |
Sugar 2 monosaccharide molecules |
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Polyasccharide |
Large molecule of many linked monosaccharide molecules |
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Glycogen |
Polyasccharide made up of glucose units |
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Lipid |
Organic compound that does not dissolve in water |
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Amino acid |
Building block of protein |
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Peptide bond hold together.. |
Amino acids |
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Poly peptide |
Chain of several amino acids linked by peptide bonds |
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Hydrolysis |
Chemical reaction where water molecules break apart macromolecules into smaller molecules |
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Enzyme |
Protein molecule that helps send up important chemical reactions in the body |
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Alimentary canal |
Mouth to anus |
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What are the 3 main fluid compartments |
Cytoplasm Interstitial fluid Fluid in blood |
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What are the 4 essential nutrients |
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acid |
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Role of carbohydrates |
Provide energy storage Build cell membranes |
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Role of lipids -3 |
Store energy for later use Cushion organs Provide material to cell membranes |
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Role of proteins -4 |
-Support blood cells -Aid in muscle movement -Catalyst -Immunity against disease |
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Product of carbohydrase |
Sugar |
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Product of lipase |
Glycerol, fatty acid |
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Protease product |
Amino acids |
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Nuclease product |
Nucleotides |
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Role of calcium |
-Forming bone -Nerve signals -Contracting muscle -Clotting blood |
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Iron role |
Produces hemoglobin |
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Magnesium role |
Supporting enzyme functions Producing protein |
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Potassium role |
Contracting musxle Conducting nerve signals |
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Sodium role |
Conducting nerve signals Balancing body fluid |
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Importance of vitamin a(carotene) |
Good vision Healthy skin |
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Importance of vitamin B(thiamine) |
Metabolizing carbohydrates |
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Importance of vitamin c(ascorbic acid) |
Healthy bones, teeth,.. |
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6 roles of water |
-Transporting dissolved nutrients -Flushing toxins -Lubricating tissues -Forming essential body fluids -Regulating body temp -Eliminating waste material |
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Ex of filter feeder |
Tube sponge |
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Ex of substrate feeder |
Caterpillar |
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Ex of fluid feeder |
Butterfly |
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Ex of bulk feeder |
Great blue heron |
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What are the 4 stages of food processing |
1. Indigestion 2. Digestion 3. Absorption 4. Elimination |
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Length of herbivore intestines |
Long |
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Length of carnivores small intestines |
Small |
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What are substrate feeders |
Live in their food source |
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What are fluid feeders |
Obtain food by sucking or licking |
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What are bulk feeders |
Ingest large pieces of food, swollow whole |
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Salivary glands |
Glands that produces saliva to start chemical digestion |
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Peristalsis |
Wave like series of Muscular conditions in the esophagus |
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Gastric juice |
Mixture of hcl,salts, enzymes, water and mucus |
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Chyme |
Thick liquid produced in stomach made of digested food and gastric juice |
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Pepsin |
Enzyme, helps break down proteins |
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Duodenum |
V shaped section of small intestine where food passes from stomach |
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Villi |
Projections lining surface of small intestine Improves absorption of nutrients |
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Jejunum |
Part of small intestine right after duodenum |
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Ileum |
Follows after jejunum |
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Bile |
Fluid that secretes from liver and digests fat |
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List the 4 accessory organs |
Salivary glands Liver Gall bladder Pancreas |
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6 components of Digestive tract |
Mouth Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anus |
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5 glands |
Parotid Accessory Parotid Parotid duct Sublingual gland Submandibular gland |
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What is the entrance to the stomach controlled by |
Esophageal sphincter |
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What does peristalsis do |
Moves food through esophagus by Muscular contractions |
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How are the walls of the stomach arranged |
They are folded like an accordion -Allows stomach to expand |
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How long is the jejunum |
2.5 m |
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How long is the ileum |
3m |
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How much pancreatic fluidndoes the pancreas secrete |
1L |
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What does the liver secrete |
Bile |
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2 factors that affect enzymes |
-Temperature Ph |
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Urea |
Nitrogen rich waste |
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Bilirubin |
Product of breakdown of hemoglobin |
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Mouth digestion time |
5-30 s |
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Esophagus transport time |
10s |
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Stomach digestion time |
2-24 h |
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Small intestine digestion time |
3-4 h |
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Large intestine water absorption time |
18h-2 days |
