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14 Cards in this Set

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the omnivory principle
The greater the number of different resources and of pathways for their flow to the main system components, the less likely the system will become unstable. In other words: spread the risks or "don't put all your eggs in one basket."
Watt and Craig 1988
the high-flux principle
The higher the rate of the resource flux through the system, the more resources are available per time unit to help deal with the perturbation. Whether all resources are used efficiently may matter less than whether the right ones reach the system in time for it to be responsive.
Watt and Craig 1988
the variety-adaptability principle
Systemic variety enhances stability by increasing adaptability.
Watt and Craig 1988
the flatness principle
The wider their base in relation to their number of historic levels, the more stable organizational pyramids will be. A larger number of independent actors increases stability.
Watt and Craig 1988
the system separability principle
System stability increases as the mean strength of interaction between components is decreased. Stability is enhanced by separating the elements of the system from one another.
Watt and Craig 1988
the redundancy principle
Generally, arithmetic increases in redundancy yield geometric increases in reliability. In self-organizing systems, negative feedback regulates reproduction where too little redundancy leads to the species dying out and too much to over-reproduction.
Watt and Craig 1988
the buffering principle
Stability is enhanced by maintaining a surplus. An unused reserve cannot, however, help the system.
Watt and Craig 1988
the environment-modification principle
To survive, systems have to choose between two main strategies. One is to adapt to the environment, the other is to change it. The beaver, for example, changes the environment for its own benefit.
Watt and Craig 1988
the robustness principle
The ability of a system to passively withstand environmental change may derive from simple physical protection or it may involve a complex of mechanism similar to those used by the butterfly to overwinter as a pupa.
Watt and Craig 1988
the patchiness principle
The lack of capacity to use a variety of resources leads to instability (the external counterpart to the omnivory principle). Rule-bound systems, stipulating in advance the permissible and the impermissible, are likely to be less stable than those that develop pell-mell.
Watt and Craig 1988
the over-specialization principle
Too much of a good thing may render systems unstable in the face of environmental change. It is through this principle that the conflict between the parts and the whole is played out.
Watt and Craig 1988
the safe environment principle
Based upon the environment-modification principle, it states the importance of creating a permanently stable environment whereby the system is protected from change.
Watt and Craig 1988
the principle of adaptation
For continued system cohesion, the mean rate of system adaptation must equal or exceed the mean rate of change of environment.
Hitchins 1992
the red queen principle
A system must continuously develop in order to merely maintain its fitness relative to the system it co-evolves with.
Van Valen 1973