Systemic Pathology

Front 1

Rhinovirus

Back 1

Most common cause of common cold
Transmitted by hands to eye-nose contact

No vaccine b/c of 100s of serotypes

Front 2

Respiratory Syncitial Virus (RSV)

Back 2

Most common viral cause of atypical pneumonia bronchiolitis (wheezing) in children

Front 3

Parainfluenza virus

Back 3

Most common cause of CROUP (laryngotracheobronchitis) in infants

causes INSPIRATORY STRIDOR (upper airway obstruction) d/t submucosal edema in trachea

Anterior of neck shows "STEEPLE SIGN" representing mucosal edema in the trachea (site of obstruction)

Front 4

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

Back 4

common pneumonia in immunocompromised host (BM transplant, AIDS)

presence of enlarged macrophages/pneumocytes, with basophilic intranuclear inclusions surrounded by a halo

Front 5

Influenzavirus

Back 5

-Usually involves Type A Influ. virus

-Uses Hemagglutinins to bind virus to host cell receptors in the nasal passages

-Uses Neuraminidase to dissolve mucus and facilitate release of viral particle

Influ A pneumonia maybe complicated by a superimposed pneumonia (staph. aureus-secondary pneumonia)

Front 6

Rubeola (measles)

Back 6

-Causes fever, cough, conjunctivitis, and excessive nasal mucus production

-patients usually have KOPLIK spots which precedes onset of rash

-presence of Warthin-Finkeldey multinucleated

Front 7

What is the difference between antigenic Drift and Shift seen with Influenzavirus?

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Drift:
-usually a minor mutation in either Hemagglutinins or Neuraminidase
- no need for vaccination

Shift:
-usually a major mutation in either Hemagglutinins or Neuraminidase
-Requires new Vaccination
(Vaccination is usually only against Influ A)

Front 8

SARS (Severe acute respiratory syndrome)

Back 8

infects the lower respiratory tract and then spreads systemically to produce severe respiratory infection

First transmitted to humans through contact with mask palm civet (China) and then human-human contact thru respiratory secretions (ex. hospitals, families)

Dx with viral detection by PCR or detection of antibodies

Front 9

Chlamydia

Back 9

C. pneumoniae:
-is the 2nd MCC of atypical pneumonia

C. trachomatis:
-causes newborn pneumonia via its passage thru the birth canal
Symptoms include:
Afebrile, staccato cough (choppy cough), conjunctivitis, wheezing

Front 10

What is the major cause of conjunctivitis during the 2nd week of birth?

Back 10

C. trachomatis

Front 11

Coxiella burnetti (Rickettsia)

Back 11

Is the only rickettsia transmitted w/o a vector

contracted by dairy farms, veterinarians

Associated with the birthing process of infected sheep, cattle, and goat, and handling of milk and excrement

Causes:
atypical pneumonia, myocarditis, granulomatous hepatitis

Front 12

Mycoplasma

Back 12

Most common cause of atypical pneumonia

common in adolescents and military recruits (closed spaces)

Insidious onset with low-grade fever

presence of cold-agglutinins in blood

Front 13

what are some of the complications of a Mycoplasma infection?

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Bullous myringitis
Cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia d/t anti-IgM antibodies

Front 14

Strept. pneumoniae

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G+ lancet-shaped diplococcus

MCC of typical C-A pneumonia

Rapid onset, productive cough, signs of consolidation

Front 15

Staph aureus

Back 15

-G+ coccus in clumps
-presence of YELLOW sputum
-commonly superimposed on H. Influ pneumonia and measles pneumonia
-major pathogen in cystic fibrosis and intravenous drug abusers

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What are some of the complication of a Staph aureus infection?

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-Hemorrhagic pulmonary edema
-abscess formation
-presence of tension pneumocycts(intrapleural blebs) which may rupture and produce tension pneumothorax

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Cornybacterium diphtheriae

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G+ rod
Produces toxins that:
1. inhibit protein synthesis by ADP-ribosylation of elongation factor 2 involved in protein synthesis
2. Impairs Beta-oxidation of FA in the heart

Toxin-induced pseudomembranous inflammation produces shaggy gray membranes in the oropharynx and trachea

Front 18

H. Influenza

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G- rod
MCC of sinusitis, otitis media, conjunctivitis (pink-eye)
Causes INSPIRATORY STRIDOR as a result of ACUTE EPIGLOTITTIS
Swelling of the epiglottis show a "thumbprint sign" on lateral X-ray of the neck
MOST COMMON BACTERIAL CAUSE OF ACUTE EXACERBATION OF COPD

Front 19

Moraxella catarrahlis

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G- diplococcus
MCC of typical pneumonia especially in the elderly
MCC of chronic bronchitis, sinusitis, otitis media
2nd MC PATHOGEN CAUSING ACUTE EXACERBATION OF COPD

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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G- rod
Production of green sputum (pyocyanin)
Is a water-loving bacterial most often transmitted via respirators
MCC OF NOSOCOMIAL PNEUMONIA AND DEATH D/T PNEUMONIA IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS
(pneumonia is often associated with infarction d/t vessel invasion)

Front 21

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Back 21

G- fat rod surrounded by a mucoid capsule