Syntax: Conjunctions

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1. Logical Conjunctions

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1. Relate the movement of thought from one passage to another by expressing logical relationships between the connected ideas. Coordinate conjunctions

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2. Adverbial Conjunctions

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2. These conjunctions amplify the verbal idea in a specific way. These uses usually involve subordinate conjunctions.

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3. Substantival Conjunctions

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3. These uses are limited to instances where the conjunction introduces a noun content clause and to epexegesis.

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Ascensive Conjunctions

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[even] καί, δέ, and μηδέ

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Connective Conjunctions (continuative, coordinate)

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[and, also] καί and δέ

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Contrastive Conjunctions (adversative)

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[but, rather, however] ἀλλά, πλήν, καί(if indicated by context), δέ(if indicated by context)

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Correlative Conjunctions (paired conjunctions)

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μέν . . . δέ (on the one hand . . . on the other hand); καί . . . καί (both . . . and); μήτε . . . μήτε (neither . . . nor); οὔτε . . . οὔτε (neither . . . nor); οὐκ . . . ἀλλά or δέ (not . . . but); οὐ . . . ποτέ (not . . . ever); ποτέ . . . νῦν (once . . . now); τε . . . τε (as . . . so) or (not only . . . but also); ἤ . . . ἤ (either . . . or)

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Disjunctive (Alternative) Conjunctions

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[or] ἤ

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Emphatic Conjunctions

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[certainly, indeed] ἀλλά intensified is translated certainly; οὐ with μή becomes certainly not or by no means; οὖν becomes certainly. True emphatic conjunctions include: γε, δή, μενοῦνγε, μέντοι, ναί, and νή

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Explanatory Conjunctions

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It can often be translated for, you see, or that is, namely. Key conjunctions here are: γάρ, δέ, εἰ (after verbs of emotion), and καί

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Inferential Conjunctions

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This use gives a deduction, conclusion, or summary to the preceding discussion. Common inferential conjunctions include: ἄρα, γάρ, διό, διότι, οὖν, πλήν, τοιγαροῦν, τοινῦν, and ὥστε.

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Transitional Conjunctions

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[now, then] This use involves the change to a new topic of discussion. Major conjunctions with this force are: οὖν and δέ.

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Causal Conjunctions

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[because, since] γάρ, διότι, ἐπεί, ἑπειδή, ἐπειδήπερ, καθώς, ὅτι, and ὡς

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Comparative Conjunctions (manner)

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καθάπερ, καθώς, οὕτως, ὡς, ὡσαύτως, ὡσεί, and ὥσπερ. They are often translated as, just as, in the same way, thus, or in this manner.

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Conditional Conjunctions

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[if] εἰ and ἐάν are the major conditional conjunctions.

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Local Conjunctions (sphere)

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ὅθεν, ὅπου, and οὗ Translations include where, from where, or the place which.

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Purpose Conjunctions

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[in order that] ἵνα, ὅπως, μήπως (the negative purpose), μήπου (negative purpose), and μήποτε (negative purpose). By far the most common is ἵνα.

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Result Conjunctions

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[so that, with the result that] ὥστε, ὡς, ὅτι, and less frequently, ἵνα.

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Temporal Conjunctions

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ἄχρι, ἕως, ὅταν, ὅτε, οὐδέποτε (negative temporal), οὐκέτι (negative temporal), οὔπω (negative temporal), ποτέ and ὡς.

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Content Conjunctions

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[that] ἵνα, ὅπως, ὅτι, and ὡς. ἵνα and ὅτι are the most common.

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Epexegetical Conjunctions

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[that] ἵνα and ὅτι.