Syndromes

Front 1

Localization?
-------------------------
Pure motor hemiparesis (lower half of face, arm, and leg)
(3)

Back 1

Syndrome resulting from lesion in?
-------------------------
1. Posterior limb of internal capsule
2. Basis pontis
3. Middle third of cerebral peduncle

Front 2

Localization?
-------------------------
Hemiparesis and associated somatosensory, oculomotor, visual, or higher cortical deficits
(2)

Back 2

Syndrome resulting from lesion in?
-------------------------
1. Primary motor cortex
2. Thalamocapsular region

Front 3

Localization?
-------------------------
Unilateral arm and leg weakness (face-sparing)
(3)

Back 3

Syndrome resulting from lesion in?
-------------------------
1. Arm and leg area of motor cortex (commonly watershed infarct)
2. Corticospinal tract of lower medulla
3. Cervical cord up to the C5 level

Front 4

Localization?
-------------------------
Unilateral face and arm weakness/paralysis (leg-sparing)

Back 4

Syndrome resulting from lesion in?
-------------------------
Face and arm areas of primary motor cortex

Front 5

Common etiologies?
-------------------------
Pure motor hemiparesis
(2)

Back 5

Syndrome?
-------------------------
1. Lacunar infarct of the internal capsule
2. Lacunar infarct of the pons

Front 6

Associated artery?
-------------------------
Lacunar infarct of the internal capsule
(2)

Back 6

Syndrome associated with blockage?
-------------------------
1. Lenticulostriate MCA of the MCA
2. Anterior choroidal artery

Front 7

AKA?
-------------------------
Face-sparing hemiparesis

Back 7

AKA?
-------------------------
Brachiocrural paresis

Front 8

Common etiologies?
-------------------------
Brachiocrural paresis
(5)

Back 8

Syndrome?
-------------------------
1. Watershed infarct (ACA-MCA watershed)
2. Medial or combined medial/lateral medullary infarcts
3. Multiple sclerosis
4. Lateral trauma
5. Compression of the cervical spinal cord

Front 9

AKA?
-------------------------
Unilateral face and arm weakness

Back 9

AKA?
-------------------------
Faciobrachial paresis

Front 10

Classic etiology?
-------------------------
Faciobrachial paresis

Back 10

Syndrome?
-------------------------
Superior division of the MCA infarct

Front 11

AKA?
-------------------------
Unilateral arm weakness/paralysis

Back 11

AKA?
-------------------------
Brachial monoparesis

Front 12

Localization?
-------------------------
Brachial monoparesis
(2)

Back 12

Syndrome resulting from lesion in?
-------------------------
1. Arm part of motor cortex
2. Peripheral nerves to arm

Front 13

Localization?
-------------------------
Unilateral leg weakness/paralysis
(3)

Back 13

Syndrome resulting from lesion in?
-------------------------
1. Leg area of motor cortex
2. Lateral corticospinal tract below T1
3. Peripheral nerves to leg

Front 14

AKA?
-------------------------
Unilateral leg weakness/paralysis

Back 14

AKA?
-------------------------
Crural monoparesis

Front 15

Localization?
-------------------------
Bilateral arm weakness or paralysis
(3)

Back 15

Syndrome resulting from lesion in?
-------------------------
1. Medial fibers of both lateral corticospinal tracts
2. Bilateral cervical spine ventral horn cells
3. Peripheral nerve disorder

Front 16

AKA?
-------------------------
Bilateral arm weakness

Back 16

AKA?
-------------------------
Brachial diplegia

Front 17

Localization?
-------------------------
Bilateral leg weakness
(4)

Back 17

Syndrome resulting from lesions in?
-------------------------
1. Bilateral leg areas of primary motor cortex
2. Lateral corticospinal tracts below T1 in the spinal cord
3. Cauda equina syndrome
4. Peripheral nerve disorders

Front 18

Localization?
-------------------------
Quadriparesis (face-sparing)
(3)

Back 18

Syndrome resulting from lesions in?
-------------------------
1. Bilateral arm and leg areas of the motor cortex
2. Bilateral lesions of the corticospinal tracts from the lower medulla to C5
3. Peripheral nerve involvement

Front 19

Etiology?
-------------------------
"Man in the barrel" syndrome

Back 19

Syndrome?
-------------------------
Bilateral infarcts in ACA-MCA watershed distribution

Front 20

Symptoms?
-------------------------
"Man in the barrel" syndrome

Back 20

Syndrome?
-------------------------
Quadriparesis affecting proximal muscles more than distal muscles

Front 21

Common etiologies?
-------------------------
Spastic gait
(5)

Back 21

Associated gait type?
-------------------------
1. Cortical, subcortical, or brainstem infarcts
2. Cerebral palsy
3. Degenerative CNS diseases
4. Multiple sclerosis
5. Spinal cord lesions

Front 22

Common etiologies?
-------------------------
Ataxic gait
(4)

Back 22

Associated gait type?
-------------------------
1. Toxins (i.e. EtOH)
2. Tumors of cerebellar vermis
3. Cerebellar infarcts
4. Cerebellar degeneration

Front 23

Common etiologies?
-------------------------
Vertiginous gait
(4)

Back 23

Associated gait type?
-------------------------
1. Toxins (i.e. EtOH)
2. Infarcts of vestibular nuclei
3. BPPV
4. Meniere's disease

Front 24

Common etiologies?
-------------------------
Frontal gait
(4)

Back 24

Associated gait type?
-------------------------
1. Hydrocephalus
2. Frontal lobe tumors
3. Bilateral ACA infarcts
4. Diffuse subcortical white matter disease

Front 25

Common etiologies?
-------------------------
Dyskinetic gait
(4)

Back 25

Associated gait type?
-------------------------
1. Huntington's disease
2. Infarct of subthalamic nucleus or striatum
3. Side effect of levodopa
4. Familial or drug-induced dyskinesias

Front 26

Description?
-------------------------
Tabetic gait

Back 26

Gait type?
-------------------------
High-stepping, foot-flapping gait, +Romberg's sign

Front 27

Common etiologies?
-------------------------
Tabetic gait
(2)

Back 27

Associated gait type?
-------------------------
1. Posterior cord syndrome
2. Severe sensory neuropathy

Front 28

Syndrome?
---------------------------
Transverse cord lesion

Back 28

Lesion?
---------------------------
1. Loss of pain/temperature below level of the lesion on both sides
2. Loss of vibration/position below level of the lesion on both sides
3. Loss of motor function below level of the lesion on both sides

Front 29

Syndrome?
---------------------------
Hemicord lesion

Back 29

Lesion?
---------------------------
1. Contralateral loss of pain and temperature a few levels below lesion
2. Ipsilateral loss of vibration/position below level
3. Ipsilateral loss of pain/temperature at the level of the lesion
4. Ipsilateral loss of motor function below the level

Front 30

Syndrome?
---------------------------
Small central cord lesion

Back 30

Lesion?
---------------------------
Bilateral regions of suspended sensory loss to pain and temperature

Front 31

Syndrome?
---------------------------
Large central cord lesion

Back 31

Lesion?
---------------------------
1. Bilateral loss of pain/temperature sensation below level, sacral sparing
2. Bilateral loss of joint position sense below level, sacral sparing
3. Bilateral loss of motor function below the level
Bilateral loss of pain/temperature and joint/position sensation below the lesion, face-sparing, sacral sparing

Front 32

Syndrome?
---------------------------
Posterior cord lesion

Back 32

Lesion?
---------------------------
Bilateral loss of vibration/position below the lesion

Front 33

Syndrome?
---------------------------
Anterior cord lesion

Back 33

Lesion?
---------------------------
1. Bilateral loss of pain/temperature sensation below level
2. Bilateral loss of motor function below level

Front 34

Lesion? (2)
---------------------------
Contralateral loss of sensation in the face, arms, trunk, and legs

Back 34

Syndrome?
---------------------------
1. Sensory cortex lesion
2. Thalamus lesion

Front 35

Sensory effects?
---------------------------
Lateral pontine or medullary lesion

Back 35

Lesion?
---------------------------
1. Ipsilateral facial pain/temperature loss
2. Contralateral arm, trunk, and leg pain/temperature loss

Front 36

Sensory effects?
---------------------------
Medial medullary lesion

Back 36

Lesion?
---------------------------
Contralateral loss of vibration/joint position in the arm, trunk, and leg (face-sparing)

Front 37

Sensory effects?
---------------------------
Distal symmetrical polyneuropathy

Back 37

Lesion?
---------------------------
Stocking-glove distribution of all modal sensory loss

Front 38

Effect on micturition?
---------------------------
Frontal lobe lesion

Back 38

Lesion?
---------------------------
Reflex activation of micturition centers occurs normally, although voluntary control of urination is lost

Front 39

Effect on micturition?
---------------------------
Lesion below pontine micturition center and above the conus medullaris

Back 39

Lesion?
---------------------------
Initially causes atonic bladder, then hyperreflexic bladder.

Front 40

Symptoms?
---------------------------
Atonic bladder

Back 40

Disorder?
---------------------------
Reflex contractions of the urethral sphincters persist without detrusor activity, resulting in urinary retention.

Front 41

Normal value?
---------------------------
Post-void residual

Back 41

<100 mL

Front 42

Symptoms?
---------------------------
Hyperreflexic bladder

Back 42

Disorder?
---------------------------
Contractions of detrusor and urethral sphincters may occur at the same time, causing urinary urgency or urge incontinence

Front 43

Effect on micturition?
---------------------------
Lesions of peripheral nerves of spinal cord at S2-S4

Back 43

Overflow incontinence, flaccid areflexic bladder