Synaptic Transmission

Front 1

Drugs that open up ___ channels tend to hyperpolarize the membrane.

Back 1

K, Cl

Front 2

Drugs that open up ___ channels tend to depolarize the membrane.

Back 2

Ca, Na

Front 3

Most synaptic connections (___%) happen on ___.

Back 3

90, dendrites

Front 4

Both ___ and ___ inputs are found in synaptic connections.

Back 4

Excitatory, inhibitory

Front 5

At least ___ number of ___ are needed for one action potential.

Back 5

50, inputs

Front 6

Central neurons have both ___ and ___ inputs. Example: ___

Back 6

Excitatory, inhibitory, knee jerk reflex

Front 7

Knee jerk reflex: muscle stretch activates ___. This activates the ___ neuron. This neuron splits into 2 ___ terminals. One terminal synapses with ___ motor neuron (excitatory) and one with ___ motor neuron (inhibitory).

Back 7

Muscle spindle, sensory, axon, extensor, flexor

Front 8

IPSP: ___ exits or ___ enters postsynaptic cell. This makes the inside more ___.

Back 8

K, Cl, negative

Front 9

EPSP: ___ or ___ enters postsynaptic cell. This makes the inside more ___.

Back 9

Na, Ca, positive

Front 10

Which part of neuron can be postsynaptic area?

Back 10

Any (axon, dendrite, soma)

Front 11

Proximity of ___ to trigger zone is directly proportional to strength of inhibition. Example: if trigger zone was in the axon then an axosomatic synapse would be more inhibited than an axodentritic synapse.

Back 11

Synapse

Front 12

Higher frequency stimulation of a single neuron results in ___ and thus ___. If A is excitatory synapse and C is inhibitory synapse then if A+C fired at same time there would be no AP generated. ___ trumps ___.

Back 12

Temporal summation, action potential, inhibitory, excitatory

Front 13

Stimulation of excitatory neurons A and B simultaneously results in ___ and thus ___.

Back 13

Spatial summation, action potential

Front 14

There are two types of synapses: ___ and ___.

Back 14

Electrical, chemical

Front 15

___ synapse gap is wider than ___ synapse.

Back 15

Chemical, electrical

Front 16

Synaptic delay is negligible for ___ synapse.

Back 16

Chemical

Front 17

Electrically coupled cells that have gap junctions (different from ___ junctions) are found in ___, ___, and ___.

Back 17

Tight, heart, liver, neurons

Front 18

___ and ___ block current traveling through gap junctions of neuron in electrical synapse.

Back 18

Halothane, octanol

Front 19

A gap junction is composed of ___.

Back 19

2 Hemi-channels

Front 20

Type 1 (___) chemical synapse have ___ vesicles.

Back 20

Glutamatergic, round

Front 21

Type 2 (___) chemical synapse have ___ vesicles.

Back 21

GABA-ergic, flat

Front 22

Chemical synapse has ___ directional current.

Back 22

Uni

Front 23

___ coupled transporter accumulates transmitter in ___ vesicle.

Back 23

H+, synaptic

Front 24

Released transmitter is
broken down by enzymes
(ACh by ___), taken up
by ___ transporter in __synaptic
terminal, or diffuses
away.

Back 24

AChE, Na-dependent, pre

Front 25

___ and ___ are required for synaptic vesicle fusion.

Back 25

Synaptobrevin (on vesicle), synaptotagmin (on vesicle)

Front 26

On the nerve terminal membrane, ___ must be removed from ___ for a vesicle to dock.

Back 26

N-Sec-1, Syntaxin

Front 27

___, ___, and ___ twist together for vesicle dockage.

Back 27

SNAP-25, syntaxin, synaptobrevin

Front 28

Ca enters neuron through ___ membrane via ___ channels. Ca then binds ___ to trigger fusion.

Back 28

Nerve terminal, N-type, synaptotagmin

Front 29

Toxins that enter terminal and
block fusion of synaptic
vesicles: ___, ___. This causes ___.

Back 29

Tetanus, botulinum, weakness

Front 30

___, a synthetic ___, blocks ___ voltage gated Ca channels.

Back 30

Ziconitide, conotoxin, N-type

Front 31

Types of postsynaptic transmitter receptors: ___, ___

Back 31

Ionotropic, metabotropic

Front 32

Properties of ionotropic receptors: ___, ___, ___

Back 32

Direct action, fast, ligand-gated
ion channels

Front 33

Ionotropic glutamate receptor is a ___ of subunits each having three transmembrane segments.

Back 33

Tetramer

Front 34

NMDA (ionotropic glutamate) receptor requires ___ and ___ as co-transmitters.

Back 34

Glutamate, glycine

Front 35

NMDA receptor: ___ blocks at rest and must be removed by ___ by other neighboring glutamate receptors before channel can open with ligands.

Back 35

Mg, depolarization

Front 36

NMDA channel blockers are ___ (Mg, PCP), ___ agents, ___.

Back 36

Anesthetics, alzheimer's, antitussives

Front 37

NMDA channel activators are ___.

Back 37

Toxic agents

Front 38

Metabotropic glutamate receptor has ___ transmembrane segments and is a ___ coupled receptor, linked to G-proteins and ___ and effectors.

Back 38

7, G-protein, GTP

Front 39

Metabotropic glutamate receptor effectors are ___, ___, ___

Back 39

Phospholipase C, adenylyl cyclase, ion channels

Front 40

Closing ___ channels and opening ___ channels leads to increased neuronal firing.

Back 40

K, Ca

Front 41

Fast transmission by ___ receptors.

Back 41

Ionotropic

Front 42

Slow transmission by ___ receptors.

Back 42

Metabotropic

Front 43

GABA transaminase converts ___ to glutamate and ___ to GABA. Glutamate can be converted to GABA by ___.

Back 43

alpha-ketoglutarate, succinic semi-aldehyde, glutamic acid decarboxylate (GAD)

Front 44

___ inhibit GABA transaminase.

Back 44

Anticonvulsants

Front 45

Glutamate is removed from
synaptic cleft by neuronal
___ and glial ___
glutamate transporters.

Back 45

Gt(n), Gt(g)

Front 46

___ transforms glutamate into glutamine.

Back 46

Glia

Front 47

Glutamine is converted to glutamate in ___.

Back 47

Terminal mitochondria

Front 48

GABA is major ___ neurotransmitter in CNS.

Back 48

Inhibitory

Front 49

GABA triggers ___ channel opening and membrane ___.

Back 49

Cl, hyperpolarization

Front 50

GABA receptors are found in CNS and ___.

Back 50

PNS

Front 51

GABA-A receptors are ___ IPSP

Back 51

Fast

Front 52

GABA-B receptors are ___ IPSP

Back 52

Slow

Front 53

GABA-A activators are ___.

Back 53

Anesthetics

Front 54

GABA-A blockers are ___.

Back 54

Convulsive

Front 55

___ and ___ increase the efficacy of GABA.

Back 55

Pentobarbital, phenoarbital

Front 56

NO activates ___ and increases ___ and ___.

Back 56

Guanylate cyclase, cGMP, PKG

Front 57

NO needs ___ for synthesis but not for release.

Back 57

Ca