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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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symbols
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Language sounds and gestures
Arbitrary meaning |
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linguistics
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study of language by anthropologists
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phonetics
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studies production, transmission, and reception of speech sounds, or phonemes
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phonology
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studies sound patterns of language
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morphology
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concerned w/smallest units of meaningful Morphemes
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syntax
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rules about formation of phrases and sentences in a language
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grammar
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formal structure of a language
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3 branches of linguistics
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descriptive linguistics, historical linguistics, sociolinguistics and ethnolinguistics
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descriptive linguistics
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recording, describing, and analyzing all features of a language
phonology, morphology, syntax, and grammar |
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historical linguistics
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study of how languages change over time
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language families
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groups of languages descended from a single ancestral language
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sociolinguistics
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the study of the relationship between language and society
how social categories influence destinctive styles of speech focuses on language and gender issues and social dialects |
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language and gender
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gendered refers to distinct male and female speech patterns
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social dialects
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varying forms of a language
reflect particular regions, occupations, and social classes |
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ethnolinguistics
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the study of the relationships between language and culture
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linguistic relativity
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how a language reflects culturally significant aspects
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linguistic determinism
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the idea that language shapes the way we view and think about the world around us
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sapir-whorf hypothesis
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linguistic determinism
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body language
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gestures
facial expressions bodily postures and motions |
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kinesics
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analyzing body language
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proxemics
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use of space, paralanguage
specific voice effects that accompany speech |
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tonal languages
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70% of the world's languages
sound pitches of spoken words |
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early writing
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includes egyptian hierglyphics and mesopotamian cuneiform
chinese tortoise shell symbols may be earlier |
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alphabet
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series of symbols representing the sounds of a language
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enculturation
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process by which individuals become members of their society
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developement of self-awareness
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occurs at a slower rate in individuals from industrialized societies
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social identity through personal naming
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many cultures consider name selection to be an important issue and mark the naming of a child with a special event or ritual known as a naming ceremony
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personality
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the distinctive ways a person thinks, feels, and behaves
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athropology approach
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studies about cultural differences in shaping personality, cross-cultural studies of gender
indicate gender behaviors malleable not universal differences in behavior |
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development of personality
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most anthropologists believe early childhood experiences play a key role in shaping adult personality
a society's economy helps structure the way children are brought up, influences their adult personalities |
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patterns of child rearing
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dependence
independence |
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Dependence Training
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socializes people to think of themselces in terms of the larger whole
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independence training
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promotes individual independence, self-reliance, and personal achievement
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group personality
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attempts have been made to characterize whole societies in terms of particular kinds of personalities
a generalized "cultural personality" |
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Yanomani
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tropical forest of N. Brazil and southern Venezueal
foraging and horticulture men commonly strive for reputation of fierceness and aggression yet some are quiet and retiring and overlooked |
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studies of group personality
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some concepts in studies to find patterns in societies
modal personality national character core values |
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modal personality
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the body of character traits that occur with the highest frequency in a culturally bounded population
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national character studies
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attempted to discover basic personality traits shared by majority of people of modern state societies
focused on the modal characteristics |
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core values
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an alternate approach to "national character"
values promoted in particular societies and related personality traits |
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north american "core values"
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rugged individualism
individuals can achieve anything if they work hard enough more isolation from relatives compared to traditional chinese for example |
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gender roles
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assigned to each sex vary from culture to culture
have an impact on personality fromation |
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culturally specific normal
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what defines normal behavior in any culture is determined by the culture itself
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termporally specific
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ideas on normalcy change over time
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universals
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suggested that major categories of mental disorder may be types
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culturally specific symptoms
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mental categories of mental disorder may be universal types
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ethnic psychoses
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groups specific to mental disorders.
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adaption
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all organisms strive to reach a stable relationship a particular enviroment
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the unit of adaption
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includes both the organism and the enviroment
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ecosystem
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a system composed of the natural environment and organisms living within it
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cultural ecology
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a term that refers to the dynamic interaction of specific cultures with their natural enviroments
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adaptations in cultural eveolution
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culture changes
human groups adapt to their environments by means of their cultures |
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cultural evolution
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change of cultures over the course of time
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progress
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is the ethnocentric notion
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adjusting to the ecosystem
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humans must have a potential to adjust of become part of the ecosystem
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convergent evolution
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in cultural evolution
development of similar cultural adaptations to similar enviromental conditions by different peoples with different ancestral cultures |
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parallel evolution
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in cultural evolution
development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions by different peoples with similar ancestral cultures |
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food foraging
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oldest type of human adaptation
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characteristics of food foraging life
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requires that people move their residence according to changing food sources and group size kept small
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carrying capacity
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the number of people that the available resources can support at a given level of food getting techniques
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key characteristics of foragers
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mobility or migration
small group size egaltarianism |
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ju/'hoansi
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ex: of food foraging society
kalahari desert in S African |
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neolithic revolution
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domestication of plants and animals by peoples beginning about 10,000 years ago
lefd to radical transformations in cultural systems new social and economic patterns producion food in gardens:horticulture small communities of gardeners simples hand-tools no irrigation no plows |
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slash-and-burn
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one of most widespread forms of horticulture
also called swidden farming natural vegatation is cut, and crops are planted among the ashes |
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agriculture
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intensive crop-cultivation
using technologies other than hand tools irrigation, fertilizer, plowed pulled harnessed draft animals |
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surplus and specialists
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agriculturalists are able to grow food
providing not only for their own needs and for those of various full-time specialists and nonproducing consumers as well |
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characteristics of crop-producing societies
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fixed settlements
technical and social changes |
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herding grazing animals:Pastoralism
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raising and managing herds of domesticated herbivores
such as cattle, sheep, and goats pastoralists are usually nomadic, moving as needed to provide animals with pasture and water |
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pre-industrial societies
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up until about 200 years ago
worldwid cultural infrastructure based on foraging, agriculture, pastoralism, crafts, trade |
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industrial societies
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infrastructure changed from above patterns
the industrial rev. began 200 years ago with the invention of the steam engine human labor replaced hand tools with machines resulted in massive culture change in many societies |
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post-industrial
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late 20th century
some societies have economy based on research, development of knowledge and technology |
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economic system
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and economic system is an organizational arrangement for; producing, distributing, and consuming goods
economic systems invariable connect with the social, religious, and political aspects of life |
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control of land and water resources
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all societies regulate the allocation of land and other valuable resources
in nonindustrial societies, individual ownership of land is rare; generally land is controlled by kinship groups, such as the lineage of band |
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Technology Resources
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The number and kinds of tools a society uses,
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Technology
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The tools people use is related to their mode of subsistence.
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Labor Resources and Patterns
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Labor is a key resource in any economic system.
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Division of Labor
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The division of labor is commonly governed by rules according to gender and age
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Task Specialization
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In contemporary industrial and postindustrial societies there is a great diversity of specialized tasks
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DISTRIBUTION AND EXCHANGE
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Anthropologists have placed distribution networks within three modes of exchange:
Reciprocity Redistribution Market Exchange |
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Reciprocity
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A action between two parties whereby goods and services of roughly equivalent value are exchanged
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Generalized Reciprocity
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The value of the gift is not calculated, nor is time of repayment specified.
Food foragers such as Ju/’hoansi share meat in the camp |
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Balanced reciprocity
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Giving and receiving are specific as to the value of goods and the time of their delivery.
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negative reciprocity
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the aim is to get something for as little
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The Kula Ring
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Balanced reciprocity
Trobriand Islands, Papua New Guinea Influential men within the Trobriand ring exchange prestige items |
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Redistribution
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A form of exchange
goods flow into a central place and reallocated. Strong centralized political organization is necessary Spending Wealth to Gain Prestige |
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Conspicuous Consumption
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Display of wealth for social prestige
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Potlatch
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On the northwest coast of North America
Ceremonial event in which a village chief publicly gives away stock-piled food and other goods that signify wealth |
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Prestige Economy
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Creation of a surplus for the express purpose of gaining prestige
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Leveling Mechanism
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demonstrate generosity so that no one permanently accumulates more wealth than anyone else.
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Market Exchange
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Buying and selling of goods and services, with prices set by rules of supply and demand.
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LOCAL ECONOMIES AND GLOBAL CAPITALISM
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Cultural biases plague many economic development initiatives.
International efforts for “undeveloped” countries Projects may bring havoc because of cross-cultural misunderstandings |
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Integrated System
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Every culture is an integrated system
Shift in infrastructure-economic base- affects elements of society’s social structure and superstructure Anthropologists offer understandings of culture in different parts of the world in the hopes of improving development initiatives |
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Trobriand Islanders
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youth have freedom in premarital love affairs
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Marriage
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A culturally sanctioned union between two or more people that establishes certain rights and
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Incest Taboo
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The incest taboo is found in all cultures
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Endogamy
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Marrying within a group of individuals
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Exogamy
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Marrying outside a group
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FORMS OF MARRIAGE
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Monogamy
Polygamy Polygyny Polyandry Group Marriage |
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Monogamy
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The taking of a single spouse.
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Polygamy
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When one individual has multiple spouses at the same time.
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Polygyny
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Marriage of a man to two or more women at the same time; a form of polygamy.
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Polyandry
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The marriage of one woman to two or more men simultaneously.
Fewer than a dozen societies are known to have favored polyandry. |
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CHOICE OF SPOUSE
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Arranging marriages is not uncommon
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Parallel cousin
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The child of a father’s brother or a mother’s sister.
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Cross Cousin
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the child of a mother’s brother or a father’s sister.
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Bride-price
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The payment of money or other valuables from the groom’s to the bride’s kin.
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Bride Service
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occurs when the groom is expected to work for a period for the bride’s family
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Dowry
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The payment of a woman’s inheritance at the time of marriage to her or her husband
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Households
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The basic residential unit
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The Nuclear Family
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The smallest domestic unit.
One or two parents and dependent offspring |
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The Extended Family
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Consists of several closely related nuclear families living in a single household.
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Residence
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There are three common residence patterns: Patrilocal, Matrilocal, and Neolocal
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Patrilocal
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A married couple lives in the locality of the husband’s relatives
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Matrilocal
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Living in the locality of the wife’s relatives.
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Neolocal
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Living in a locality apart from the husband’s
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