Syg2000 Unit 2

Front 1

prescriptive norms

Back 1

lossely enforced; common customs, practices that ensure smooth social inetraction and acceptance

Front 2

proscriptive norms

Back 2

carries great moral significance; closely related to core values of a cultural group; involves servere repercussions for violators

Front 3

ethnocentricism

Back 3

judging another culture excusively by the standard's of ones own; using ones culture to evaulate anothers

Front 4

culture relativism

Back 4

principle of understanding other cultures on their own terms, rather than judging according to ones own culture; viewing behavior of people from the perspective of their own culture

Front 5

sanctions

Back 5

positive or negative reactions to the ways people follow or disobey norms

Front 6

subcultures

Back 6

culture within a culture; group within society that is differentiated by its distinctive values, norms, and lifestyle

Front 7

countercultures

Back 7

group within society that openly rejects/opposes society's values and norms. ex. activist groups trying to bring out change

Front 8

folkways(prescriptive)

Back 8

loosely enforced norm involving common customs, practices, beliefs to ensure smooth social acceptance

Front 9

mores(proscriptive)

Back 9

carries great moral significance, we are all expected to conform to ex. theft, rape, murder

Front 10

taboos

Back 10

ingrained so deeply that even thinking about violating it evokes strong feelings of disgust

Front 11

George Herbert Mead

Back 11

Stages of development of self:
prepatory stage- children mimic or imitate others
play stage- pretend to play the role of significant other
game stage- play organized games and take on perspective of generalized other

generalized other: by children taking on this role they are able to see themselves as objects

Front 12

Dual Nature of the Self

Back 12

belief that we experience the self as both subject and object, the "I" and "me"

Front 13

Erving Goffman

Back 13

social interactionist;
Dramaturgy: an approach in which social life is analyzed in terms of its similarities to theatrical performance
Front- setting or scene that helps establish the definition of the situation
Personal front- expressive equipment we use to present ourselves to others
Backstage- places where we rehearse and prepare

Front 14

agents of socialization

Back 14

social groups, institutions, and individuals (family, school, mass media) that provide structured situations in which socialzation takes place

Front 15

resocialization

Back 15

adult socialization often requires this; process of relacing previously learned norms and values with new ones as a part of a transition

Front 16

ascribed status

Back 16

inborn status, difficult or impossible to change

Front 17

achieved status

Back 17

earned through individual effort

Front 18

master status

Back 18

always relevant and affects all other statuses we possess, overrides all other identities

Front 19

looking glass self

Back 19

notion that the self develops through our perception of others evaluations and appraisals of us

Front 20

Charles Cooley

Back 20

beleived we all act like mirrors to eachother, 3 steps:
1. imagine how we look to others
2. we imagine others judgments of us
3. experience some kind of feeling about ourselves based on our perception of other peoples judgments

Front 21

status

Back 21

a position in society that carries a particular set of expectations

Front 22

role

Back 22

set of behaviors expected from a particular status position

Front 23

role exit

Back 23

process of leaving a role that we no longer occupy. ex divorce

Front 24

cultural diffusion

Back 24

dissemination of beliefs and practices from one group to another; usually occurs from more developed to less developed

Front 25

cultural leveling

Back 25

process by which cultures that were once distinct become increasingly similar

Front 26

role conflict

Back 26

experienced when we occupy 2 or more roles with contradictory expectations

Front 27

role strain

Back 27

tension experienced when there are contradictory expectations within the same role ex. parents

Front 28

Sigmund Freud

Back 28

Psychoanalytic theory:
Id- composed of biological drives, main goal is to achieve pleasure and avoid pain
Ego- deals with real world, operates on reason
superego- composed of conscious, keeps from engaging in undesirable behavior, vision of who we beleive we should be

Front 29

primary groups

Back 29

people who are most important to our sense of self ; face to face interaction ; intense feelings of belonging

Front 30

secondary groups

Back 30

larger and less intimate than primary; usually organized around a specific goal

Front 31

in-group

Back 31

a group that one identifies with and feels loyalty toward

Front 32

out-group

Back 32

any group an individualist feels opposition or rivalary toward

Front 33

reference group

Back 33

group that provides a standard of comparison against which we evaluate ourselves

Front 34

groupthink

Back 34

in very cohesive groups, the tendency to enforce a high degree of conformity among members, creating a deman for unanimous agreement

Front 35

social loafing

Back 35

the phenomenon in wich as more individuals are added to a task, each individual contributes a little less

Front 36

identification

Back 36

a type of conformity stronger than compliance and weaker than internailzation, caused by a desire to establish or maintain a relationship wuth a person or group

Front 37

compliance

Back 37

the mildest type of conformity, undertaken to gain rewards or avoid punishments

Front 38

internalization

Back 38

strongest type of conformity, occurring when an individual adopts the beliefs or actions of a group and make them their own

Front 39

beauracy

Back 39

secondary group designed o perform tasks efficiently, characterized by specialization, technical competence, hierarchy, etc