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157 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Erysipelas
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Asymptomatic
Localized - diamond shaped skin lesions from vasculitis Generalized - lymph nodes and viscera Cause of sudden death Chronic - synovitis, arthritis, lameness, endocarditis DOES NOT CAUSE PNEUMONIA!! Control - herd vax and good hygeine ZOONOTIC - fish handlers dz in humans from contamination of wounds localized cutaneous infection generalized with fever and joint pain septicemic may cause endocarditis Tx - high dose parenteral penicillin |
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Chemical irritation
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surgical scrub
excess sunlight extreme cold erythema |
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Transient erythema
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Reddening of hams due to contact with irritants while in transport
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Sunburn
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Reddening
Blisters, peeling CNS signs due to pain |
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Photosensitization in swine
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uncommon
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Frostbite
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cracking and peeling of extremities
Scrotum, feet, ears May cause infertility in boars |
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Thermal burn
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HEat lamps or fires
Scarred, blemished skin |
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Scald tank damage
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irregular sloughing of skin
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High fever
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can cause erythema
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Bacteremia, toxemia, viremia
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Cyanosis of ears, jowls, and abodmen immediately pre and post mortem
Assoc with: Erysipelas Salmonellosis Severe pneumonia Hog cholera Porcine stress syndrome Hyperthermia Toxemia Blood loss |
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Traumatic injury
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Decrease incidence by cutting needle teeth
Castrate piglets at 1-3 days |
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Jowl abscess
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colonization of oral cuts with Streptococci result in enlarged, discolored abscesses of head
Head may be codemned |
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Lice
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Haematopinus suis
Only louse of swine SMall, reddened pruritic lesions |
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Sarcoptic mange
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Sarcoptes scabeii var. suis
papules/crusts on rump, flank, abdomen DX - skin scrapings TX - ivermectin |
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Demodectic mange
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Pinpoint folliculitis on snout, eyes, abdomen, inner thigh
RARE |
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Fireants
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Pruritic lesions
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Mosquitos and biting flies
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urticarial lesions
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Parakeratosis
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Zinc deficiency
Usually a result of excessive Calcium Non-pruritic skin lesions |
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Swine pox
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reddened areas - vesicles - circular scabs
3-4 wk course in 4-16 wk old hogs |
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Ringworm
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Microsporum nanum
Localized large circular patches of discolored skin and broken hair shafts Older sows |
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Ptyriasis rosea
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False ringworm
4-20 wk old white pigs Starts on abdomen and inguinal area Unknown cause - heal w/o tx |
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Tumors
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Melanomas common
Begin in utero so can be present in young pigs |
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Eperythrozoonosis
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Yellow belly or icteroanemia
Affects surface of RBCs Jaundice may result from toxins from liver damage |
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Bleach out syndrome
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Pale skin due to blood loss
Gastric ulcers or ileitis |
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Aflatoxicosis
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Liver
Bruising under skin and paleness due to GI hemorrhage |
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Porcine Vesicular disases
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FMD and Swine vesicular dz - foreign
Vesicular stomatitis and vesicular exanthema of swine REPORT |
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Hernias
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Umbilical - reach full market wt
Inguinal or scrotal - rarely reach market wt d/t incarcerated intestines, peritonitis, and death |
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Wattles
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Normal anatomical structure on some feral and domestic swine
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Musculoskeletal injuries
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Stress assoc w/ transportation
-swollen joints with blood tinge Turning too rapidly - fx of neck of scapula Standing on slick floors - torn adductor muscles "split out" |
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Overheating
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Swine cannot sweat
Results in death |
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Porcine Stress Syndrome
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Malignant hyperthermia
Inherited Stiff gait, mouth breathing, cyanosis, Rapidly progresses to death Pale, soft exudative pork |
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OSteochondrosis
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Idiopathic cartilage damage
Joint swelling and lameness in Shoulder, hips, elbow, stifle, hocks May spontaneously recover CS - similar to infectious arthritis |
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Infectious arthritis
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Synovial mmb inflamamtion and enlargement
Synovitis and lameness Causes - Erysipelas, streptococcis, Staph, Mycoplasma hyosynoviae, M. hyorhinis, Haemophilus parasuis |
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Muscle abscess, granulomas, discoloration
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Result of improper vaccination or injection
IM injection -oil based 60 day withdrawal -water based 21 day withdrawal -inject in neck; NOT ham |
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Iron Dextran injections
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Given to piglets to prevent iron deficiency anemia
Causes skin discoloration Discoloration resolves by market (5-7 mos) |
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Osteomalacia
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Downer sow syndrome
Partial demineralization of bones to obtain Ca Bone thinning and pathologic fx Nutritional problem post-weaning Assoc with -heavy milkers -Ca:P imbalance -underfed -extended lactation |
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Tetanus
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Skin contamination of C. tetani spores
Assoc with castration, tail docking, needle teeth trimming Sanitation of environment and colostrum ab production important |
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Sternal bursitis
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Enlargement b/w skin and sternum
Mounting other pigs, rubbing on feeders |
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Ionophore toxicity
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Anti-coccidial drugs added to cattle and poultry feed
Skeletal and cardiac m. damage Progressive muscle tremor, difficulty standing, death |
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Otitis media interna
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Head tilt d/t loss of equilibrium
Strept May ascend to brain abscesses causing circling and nystagmus |
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CNS infections
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Strept suis type 2
Haemophilus parasuis Salmonella cholerasuis E. coli Listeria monocytogenes |
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Streptococcus suis type 2
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Dz of young pigs
Carried in tonsils of older pigs ZOONOTIC exposure to carcass type 1 and other strept are not zoonotic |
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Haemophilus parasuis
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Following stress
Fever, swollen joints, lameness, posterior paresis, bacteremia/toxemia |
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Salmonella cholerasuis
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Bacteremia + CNS involvement
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Listeriosis
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Classic CNS signs (circling, head tilt)
Histopath - microabscess in brain |
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Tailbite abscesses
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Improper sizing of pigs when sorted
Running out of feed Infection go to vertebrae and muscles Hindlimb weakness and paresis, purulent pockets in abd cavity |
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Pseudorabies
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Herpsevirus
YOUNG - (up to 3-4 mos) CNS signs and death if severe OLDER PIGS - recover, latent carriers Fatal in cattle, sheep, dogs, cats, rodents NOT ZOONOTIC |
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Shaker pig syndrome
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Circovirus infection of fetal CNS cells in utero
Muscle tremors and shaking at birth Usually survive and essentially normal by weeks-months of age |
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Hog cholera
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FOREIGN ANIMAL DZ
Togavirus Fever, CNS signs, high mortality Affects stem cells in bone marrow DDX - african swine fever, erysipelas, salmonella cholerasuis Splenic infarcts and turkey egg kidney |
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Rabies
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Rare in US swine
Not vaccinated |
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Salt poisoning
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Brain edema
36-48 hrs water deprivation Follwed by unrestrained water intake High mortality and brain damage Eosinophilic brain infiltrates |
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Heavy metal toxicosis
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ARSENIC
-blindness or posterior paresis -arsenic containing feed during pregnancy LEAD -similar signs -drinking from lead lined pipes -antemortem dx important for proper carcass disposition |
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Organophosphate toxicosis
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OPs control lice and mange
Salivation, diarrhea, tremors, shaking, posterior ataxia and paresis, recumbency, death |
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B-Viatmin Deficiency
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Goose-stepping
Waste food feeding Corn/milo soybean based diets Histopath of CNS and sciatic confirms |
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Tumors
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Metastatic malignant melanoma may locate in CNS
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Respiratory disease
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No trim losses
Lost $ from chronic poor doing pigs, death losses |
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Atrophic rhinitis
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Most important URD in swine
Crooked, bleeding snout, tear stained face, irritaiton by contaminants of turbinate bones Causes -bacteria Bordetella bronchiseptica Pasteurella multocida D and A -viruses -chemicals -irritants |
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Bullnose
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Swelling of snout from secondary bacterial infection
Cuts in gums from needle teeth trim, feeders, fighting, rooting |
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Inclusion body Rhinitis
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Herpesvirus
Inflammation of URD, nasal d/c, sneezing Young pigs |
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Bacterial pneumonia
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Most important LRD of swine
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae -primary infection -horizontal and vertical transmission -impairs ciliary clearance Pasteruella multocida -secondary infection Cough, firm plum areas of consolidation in cranial ventral lobes |
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Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
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G- coccobacillus
Hemorrhage, fibrin, adhesion of loung lobes to thoracic cavity Lack cranioventral distribution Trim losses |
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Salmonella cholerasuis
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Gross lesions similar to A. pleuorpneumoniae and may coinfect
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Primary bacterial pneumonia
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Streptococcus suis
Bordetella bronchiseptica |
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Secondary pneumonia
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Pseudomonas aeroginosea
Actinomyces pyogenes |
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Viral peumonia
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Swine influenza
Explosive coughing in late fall/winter 10-11 day duration Low mortality, diffuse interstitial pneumonia Potentially zoonotic |
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Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome
PRRS |
Reproductive dz
diffuse intersitial pneumonia similar to influenza High mortality and chronic poor doing |
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Pseudorabies
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Can cause pneumonia
Predisposes to secondary lung infection |
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Roundworm larval migration
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Liver white spots
Some reach lung, coughed up and swallowed, complete cycle in GI tract Pneumonitis may result if several reach lung Residual chronic lesions similar to chronic bacterial pneumonia |
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Milk spots in liver
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Kidney worm
Roundworm migration Tapeworm cysts |
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Lungworm
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Metastrongylus
Uncommon in swine housed in closed facilities D/t lack of access to earthworm Lung pathology (abdominal breathing "thumps") and coughing |
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Gastfic ulceration
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Common in swine
Production stress Finely ground feed Feed changes, excess whey Copper toxicity Vit E/Se deficiency Roundworm infestation Helicobacter or Gastrophirilium Usually occur in pars esophageal (nonglandular) |
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Proliferative Ileitis
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Lawsonia intracellularis
Garden hose gut syndrome Necrotic enteritis Distal jejunum and ileum (sometimes LI) Hemorrhage early, thickening of intestines Postweaning thru 13-17 wk pigs Chronic poor-doers if recover |
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Transmissible Gastroenteritis
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Coronavirus
All ages susceptible (no immunity from infection) Profuse watery diarrhea and vomiting SI may appear transparent High mortality in young pigs Older pigs may recover |
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Salmonellosis
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Two types
S. cholerasuis -90% -transient enterocolitis followed by systemic disease -labored breathing/death form septicemia -ZOONOTIC S. typhmurium -enterocolitis and inflammation -malabsorption and hypersecretory diarrhea -death or prolonged recovery -survivors may have rectal stricture -MORE ZOONOTIC than cholerasuis |
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Swine dysentery
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Serpulina hyodysenteriae
Bloody scours Does NOT involve SI Post-weaning up to 6-7 months Survivors are asymptomatic carriers |
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Internal Parasites of pigs
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Roundworms
Whipworms Nodular worms Thorny headed worms |
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Asacaris suum
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white spotted livers
ingestion of eggs migrate to liver and lung, coughed up and swallowed and mature in SI |
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Trichuris sis
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Whipworm
Cecum and spiral colon Diarrhea and chronic wasting |
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Oesophagostomum spp
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Nodular worm
Multiple nodules in mucosa of spial colon |
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Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus
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Thorny headed worm
large pinkish-white worm IH = grub or beetle Attaches in ileum may cause peritonitis |
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Echinococcus granulosus
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Tapeworm
Cust may cause liver spots ZOONOTIC - caused by eating egg found in feces of dog |
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Tuberculosis
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Susceptible to bovine, avium, and human TB
USually asymptomatic COnfirm with histopath |
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Aflatoxicosis
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Toxic metabolite of Aspergillus flavus
Liver is target Little risk to human Fibrotic yellow or white liver and death |
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Intestinal emphysema
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air pockets under serosal surface of SI
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Rectal prolapse
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small, uncomplicated - no affect on carcass
complicated +/- rectal stricture - accompanied by peritonitis which results in loss or condemnation |
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Orchitis
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Unilateral usually
Infection with strept, brucella suis OR Trauma Spread of infection during mating can cause repro problems (cull) Advanced dz = wt loss, anorexia, death CS = ballotment of testicle, enlarged inguinal LNs |
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Brucella suis
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Uncommon and zoonotic
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Cryptorchidism
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Usually left, can be both
Assoc with strong boar taint odor |
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Vaginitis, cystitis, cervicitis, metritis
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Genital tract infections common d/t location of urethra
Ascending infection (usually E coli) Persistent vulvar discharge after farrowing in combination with fever or anorexia Tx with antibiotics or cull |
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Pyelonephritis
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Eubacterium suis
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White spotted kidney
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CAUSES
Leptospira pomona (ZOONOTIC) Leptospira bratislava (ZOONOTIC) Bacteremia -Streptococcus -E coli Chronic interstitial nephritis Kidneys condemned |
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Polycystic kidneys
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Heritable
Clinically normal |
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Embryonal nephroma
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Tumor that usually affects one kidney
Lobulated kidney looks like large cysts Rarely metastasizes |
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Ochratoxicosis
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Aspergillus ochraceus
Kidney = target organ; +/- liver Causes nephritis, PUPD, anorexia, emaciation, death Pork safe to eat b/c swine detoxify |
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Zearalenone toxicosis
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Fusarium muniliforme
Estrogenic effects (prepubal vulvar and mammary development, repro tract prolapse, testicular atrophy, male infertility) Pork safe for consumption |
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Kidney worm
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Stephanurus dentatus
Ureters and perirenal tissue May cause posterior ataxia or paralysis from larvae migrating along spinal cord Extensive trim losses |
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Valvular endocarditis
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Sequelae of erysipelas or strept
Sudden death d/t heart failure as animal grows |
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Vit E / Selenium Deficiency
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Mulberry heart disease
Sudden death in rapidly gaining young pigs Hepatosis dietetica lesions in liver |
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Ionophore toxicity
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Damage to heart and skeletal muscle
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Gossypol toxicity
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cottonseed meal
pale, flabby heart and swollen liver Reduced growth rate |
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Trichinosis
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Ingestion of muscle larval cysts of Trichinella spirilas in rodents, wild animals, swine carcasses, and uncooked garbage
US does not inspect for this parasite No CS, muscle pain, decreased gain ZOONOTIC Proper freezing, cooking, etc inactivates cysts |
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Toxoplasmosis
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ZOONOTIC
cysts killed by cooking, frozen, salting Swine infected by oocysts in cat feces, tissues of rodents, cannibalism, garbage Swine are asymptomatic |
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Nursing/Sukling pig
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with sow in farrowing house
0-21 days old |
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Nursery
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weaned
3-10 weeks old |
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Grower
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60-120 lbs
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Finisher
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120-160 lbs
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Gilt
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primipara
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Sow
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multipara
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Foreign Pig Diseases
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African Swine Fever
Classical Swine Fever (Hog Cholera) Vesicular Diseases -FMD -swine vesicular disease -vesicular stomatitis -vesicular exanthema of swine REPORTABLE |
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Mycoplasma hyorhinis
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polyserositis, arthritis, otitis
in nursery (3-10 wk) piglets |
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Mycoplasma hyosynoviae
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arthritis in growers/finishers
3-5 months |
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NAME CHANGES
Corynebacterium (Eubacterium) suis Treponema (Serpulina) hyodysenteriae Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae Eperythrozoon suis |
Actinobaculum suis
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Mycoplasma haemosuis |
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ZOONOTIC SWINE DISEASES
(12) |
Brucella Erysipelothrix
Swine influenza Strept suis Salmonella Leptospira Cryptosporidia Anthrax Nipah virus Toxoplasma Vesicular stomatitis Trichenella |
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Enteric diseases of nursing pigs (7)
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E coli Isospora suis
TGEV Rotavirus C. perfringens C, A Cryptosporidia C. difficile |
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Enteric diseases of nursery pigs (9)
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E coli C. perfringens A
Rotavirus Trichuris* TGEV PCV-2 Salmonella* Lawsonia intracellularis* Brachyspira hyodysenteriae* |
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Enteric diseases of Grow/Finish (5)
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Lawsonia intracellularis**
Brachyspira** Salmonella** TGEV Trichuris |
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E. coli
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G- rod; pillus antigens produce enterotoxin
ETEC strains most important Watery diarrhea in nursery and nursing pigs PX - vx gilts with ETEC 2 & 6 weeks prior to birth TX - fluid therapy and antibiotics |
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Isospora suis
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protozoan
Exculsive cause of coccidiosis in pigs Watery diarrhea in nursing pigs No tx approved in USA Amprolium is a thiamine analogue that is coccidiostatic and prevents uptake of thiamine |
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Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus
TGEV |
Corona virus
Diarrhea in all age pigs, worse in young (usually die) PX - vax sows Intestinal villi are KILLED |
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Rotavirus
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Watery diarrhea in nursing and nursery
PX - vax sow Intestinal villi are STUNTED |
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Clostridium perfringens type C
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G+ anaerobic rod with spores
Bloody or watery diarrhea in nursing PX - vax gilts 2x during gestation TX - antitoxin, antibiotics DX - PCR to ID virulence factors (non-virulent strains are normal flora) |
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Clostridium perfringens type A
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pasty diarrhea in nursing +/- nursery
DX - isolation, PCR |
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Clostridium dificile
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Diarrhea in nursing pigs
May be predisposed by tx with antibiotics at birth Lesion = colonic mesenteric edema No vaccine TX - macrolide antibiotics |
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Lawsonia intracellularis
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Porcine Proliferative Enteritis
"ileitis" ACUTE - bloody diarrhea in young breeding stock CHRONIC - watery diarrhea in grow/finish pigs PX - vax TX - macrolides, lincosamides in feed at 8-11 wks of age DX - PCR, histopath |
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Brachyspira hyodysenteriae
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"Swine dysentery"
Mucohemorrhagic colitis grow/finish TX - tylosin, lincomysin in feed |
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Brachyspira pilosicoli
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Porcine colonic spirochetosis
Mild lesions; no bloody diarrhea |
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Non-pathogenic spirochetes
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B. innocens
B. intermedia B. murdochi |
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Salmonella
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G- rod
S. cholerasuis - primary concern is septicemia PX - vax with MLV TX - antibiotics selected by C&S |
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Septicemia
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Strep suis
Actinobacillus suis Haemophilus parasuis Salmonella (cholerasuis) Erysipelothris PCV-2 |
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Streptococcus suis
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G+ cocci
Normal flora in URT, genital tract, GIT Causes sudden death, meningitis, arthritis, endocarditis, pneumonia 5-10 wk pigs PX - decrease stress |
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Actinobacillus suis
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G- coccobacillus
Septicemia in nursing or nursery pigs May see pneumonia lesions |
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Haemophilus parasuis
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G- rod; Glasser's disease
Septicemia and polyserositis in young Polyserositis = pleuritis, peritonitis, pericarditis, arthritis, meningitis |
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Salmonella cholerasuis
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G- rod
Purple skin - sign of septicemia Enlarged spleen - bacterial septicemia CULTURE THE SPLEEN! |
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Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
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G+ rod
VX only containes serovar 2 Vegetative endocarditis** Also, sudden death, septicemia, arthritis, dermatitis TX - penicillin, tetracyclines in feed |
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Porcine circovirus
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PCV-2
Clinical disease is rare Causes pneumonia, enteritis, reprotductive failure **Porcine dermatitis/nephropathy syndrome** Clinically = slow growing pigs |
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PRRSV
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RNA virus, replicates in macrophages
Late term Abortion storms, interstitial pneumonia, lymphadenitis Spreads to lung and lymphoid tissues |
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SIV
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Segmented RNA virus
Respiratory disease in all ages High morbidity, low mortality |
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Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
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Enzootic pneumonia
Chronic pneumonia in all ages Persistent dry cough TX = tetracycline, macrolides Classic lesion = peribronchiolar lymphoid hyperplasia |
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Actinobacillys pleumopneumoniae
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G- coccobacillus
Pleuropneumoniae in any age Sudden death in naive pigs Prevention - vax |
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Atrophic Rhinitis
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2 FORMS
-nonprogressive (NPAR) -progressive (PAR) NPAR - Bordetella bronchiseptica Minor growth depression, can become PAR PAR - B. bronchiseptica + Pasteurella multocida deformed snout and sneezing Pasteurella toxins affect osteoblasts in the nose PX - vax TX - sulfas and tetracycline **Ventral turbinates are affected first* |
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Reproductive Diseases (6)
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PRRSV
Parvovirus Leptospira (pomona, bratislava) PRV PCV-2 Brucella suis |
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Parvovirus
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ssDNA virus
Gilts most commonly affected Embryonic death, abortion **Mummified fetus (black NOT red)** Gilts may return to estrus early |
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Leptospira
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G-
Stillbirth, abortion, infertility DX - serology, PCR, histopath |
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Pseudorabies virus
PRV |
Herpesvirus
Abortion, CNS dz, death, Resp dz, inappetence PX - vax, erradication Fatal in non-porcine species |
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Brucella suis
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Problem in feral swine
Federal eradication program in effect in US ZOONOTIC |
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How many permanent teeth do pigs have?
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44
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Pig dental formula
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2 ( I 3/3 C 1/1 P 4/4 M 3/3 )
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Staphylococcus hyicus
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Exudative epidermatitis
Greasy pig disease Affects piglets < 8wks Brown, exudative spots on heads, axillae, and groins, anorexia, lethargy, depression |
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Pediculosis
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causes pruritis and anemia
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Dermatosis vegetans
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Semilethal hereditary defect
Macules and papillomas around coronary band |
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What is the best way to determine if a sow is in estrus
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She allows mounting by a boar
Increased rooting and vocalization (not as reliable) |
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How many teats does a sow have?
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14
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Taenia solium
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Pork tapeworm
Pigs infected by ingesting human feces Cysticerci form in pig skeletal and cardiac muscles Not pathogenic in pigs Cysticerci and the adult tapeworm are pathogenic in man |
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Aural hematomas
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Caused by bites from pen mates,
OR violent head shaking (possibly associated with mites, lice, or water in ears) |
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All in / All out
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Works by synchronizing estrus and farrowing in sows
Rigid rodent, traffic, and bird control Piglets weaned at 4 weeks Lactating sows bred 72 hrs later with gilts Sows and gilts vax for erysipelas, parvovirus, rotavirus, coronavirus +/_ TGE a week before breeding Neonatal mortality rate is lower than with flow-through system, but may not be as economical since there is not a continuous production of piglets Greatest return on pounds of meat sent to market |
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When are piglets weaned?
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at 4-5 weeks
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Strongyloides ransomi
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Threadworms of pigs
Reside in SI of suckling pigs Heavy infections = diarrhea, anemia, emaciation, death Dx - fecal flotation Tx - Benzimidazoles, ivermectin |
