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81 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Lameness in sows is common, being the # _____ cause for culling.
#2 reason to cull sows, behind reproductive issues
Name 4 bacterial causes and 2 viral causes of lameness in swine.
Bacterial:
1. Mycoplasma hyosynoviae
2. Glasser's disease
3. Polyarthritis
4. Erysipelas

Viral:
1. Swine vesicular disease
2. FMD
D

About a third of the 3-6 month old pigs on a farm with solid floor pens have suddenly developed lameness and polyarthritis (but not very large joints) in the past few days. Many pigs are dog-sitting or staggering around.

What particular tissue would you submit for a diagnosis?
Mycoplasma hyosynoviae

Tonsils
What's the bad news about M. hyosynoviae and protection from other Mycoplasma vaccines?
Vaccination for the other species does not create cross-protection, so it isn't helpful.
* Exclusively seen in solid floor pens, lameness with nonsuppurative inflammation in the joints
Mycoplsama hyosynoviae
Most effective medical treatment for Mycoplasma hyosynoviae.
Tiamulin
Causative agent of Glasser's disease.
Hemophilus parasuis
D

Every animal in a house of postweaned pigs has severe, acute lameness, with joints that are hot to the touch and they have fevers.
Glasser's disease = Hemophilus parasuis
T/F F18 E. coli can cause peripheral edema.
True, but it can vary from farm to farm. Also be on the lookout for acute mortality.

(Note, if a Dr. Pittman question, you may want to say it doesn't)
Classical swine fever is also known as...

Is it reportable?
Hog cholera

- It is related to BVD in bovids and Border disease in sheep
- It was the first disease to be eradicated in the US, but it took 17 years

Yes
What are the natural reservoirs of Classical Swine Fever?

What is the main means of transmission?
Wild and domestic pigs

Humans
*** What is the main tissue to submit to diagnose Classical Swine Fever?

Diagnostic tests?
Tonsils!

Virus isolation is best choice, can do ELISA. PCR can work but the viremia doesn't last long.

Take them even if they are necrotic.
D

Pigs in a house have acute onset of fever, diarrhea, ocular discharge, and are depressed, huddling together. Over time, animals are goose stepping, and a couple have neurologic signs.

What would you expect to find on necropsy?
Classical swine fever

An enlarged gastrohepatic lymph node, peripheral lymph node hemorrhage, infarcted spleen, and "turkey egg" petechia on organs **from thrombocytopenia and epithelial cell damage

Button ulcers are also possible
** What can low-virulence strains of Classical Swine Fever look like?
African Swine Fever, PRRS, PCV-D, postweaning dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome and Salmonella.
T/F Vaccines for Classical Swine Fever are used today in outbreaks and they helped us control the disease in the past.
False!

The disease is no longer in the US, we cannot legally use the vaccines anymore, and we would need to euthanize pigs in an outbreak.
What places are thought to pose the greatest risk of introducing Classical Swine Fever to the US?
Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico

Raw pork products are a concern as well.
Q

What is Dr. Almond's preferred tissue sample for diagnosing Classical Swine Fever?
Tonsils/Butterfly shaped lymphoid organ in mouth of pig

Can also take blood and other lymph nodes, but send tonsils no matter what.
Q

Normal adult pig body temp?
101-103 F
How many serotypes of Foot and Mouth Disease exist?
7
What are the susceptible species of FMD?
All artiodactyls...ungulates with cloven hooves.
Where can the FMD virus be found in the body?
Exretions: Semen, feces, urine, milk, snot, saliva, etc. (This is not a complete list.)

Can be in contaminated food products.
What animal produces the most airborne FMD virus particles?
Pigs, by a wide margin
D

Fever, vesicles on coronary band, interdigital spaces, snout, lips, along with myocarditis and sudden deaths in piglets.
FMD

Though unlike cattle, in pigs the vesicles do not develop on the dorsal aspect of the tongue.
What is one sample you would like to get from FMD pigs?
Fluid from inside the vesicles
Q

What are three other diseases that have similar presentations to FMD?
Vesicular exanthema (In US)
Vesicular stomatitis (In US)
Swine Vesicular disease (Foreign)
When vaccinating pigs for FMD, they only respond to vaccines made in ____.
Oil

(In this country, the concern is differentiating the vaccine from the wild type strains since we do not vaccinate for FMD, but the available vaccines may change.)
You see vesicles on the feet and snout of a pig. Do you have to report it?
Yes, to the State and Feds
Is there a concern that FMD will be used as a tool of terrorism?
Yes, it would be easy to get into the US, and while it does not harm humans, it would severely damage our agricultural system.
Q

Foot and Mouth Disease is caused by what kind of virus? Classical Swine Fever?
A picornavirus causes FMD

A pestivirus causes Classical Swine Fever
Q

What are the most common clinical signs of FMD?
Vesicles on snouth, coronary bands and heels plus emaciation (painful to eat and walk) and fever.
T/F We have excellent vaccines for Glasser's disease.
Partially true. The vaccines work but only for the particular serotype it is created for.

Remember H. parasuis is a normal commensal organism in the respiratory tract of pigs, so it will be there, it just depends on if you vaccinate for the right one.
Effective medical treatment for Glasser's disease (drug)?
Penicillin
This cause of lameness in pigs can also cause neurologic signs (paddling, meningitis), a high fever, and a suppurative rhinitis.
Glasser's disease = Hemophilus parasuis
Polyarthritis usually occurs in _____ (stage) pigs, from organisms like _____, _____ and ______.
Preweaned piglets (2-10 days old)

Strep (65%), Staph, E. coli
D

This is a congenital cause of lameness that results in a hindlimb paresis and is more common in the Landrace breed.

What are predisposing factors/complications?
Splayleg

Males, crushed by mom, get cold, don't eat, associated with low birth weight, short gestation, Fusarium toxicity.
D

You see a lame pig in a house standing with an arched back and looking down. The floors are slippery and the animals are all exceptionally well-muscled for their age.
OCD

(Compare to your classic Golden retriever puppy case.)
Name some forms of lameness/injury that can result from slippery pens.
Foot rot, lacerations, sole bruises, cracked toes, torn nails.
T/F Bad sunburn can cause sows to abort.
True: Prostaglandins released from inflammation.
What species do you worry about bringing Toxoplasma gondii onto your outdoor swine farm?
Cats, wild pigs
You want to raise a herd of outdoor pigs and you have just bought a large piece of land. Where do you pick/what conditions do you want before you install the fence?
You want the land to naturally drain, have good pasture/grass/forage areas, areas of shade and shelter, you can get water to it, a place they can wallow. You are going to need to make multiple pastures to rotate them since they will eat everything.
Species that causes neonatal coccidiosis in pigs.
Isospora suis, remember it is not the sow coccidia.
What are two external parasites/skin infections of concern with outdoor pigs?
Ear mites (Sarcoptic mange), ringworm (zoonotic)
Name some forms of lameness/injury that can result from slippery pens.
Foot rot, lacerations, sole bruises, cracked toes, torn nails.
Causative agent of greasy pig disease
Staphylococcus hyicus

As with most Staphs, it lives on the skin, waiting for a wound it can get into. This was a main reason we clipped the needle teeth in piglets.
T/F A lame sow will give birth to poorer litters.
True
How do humans acquire Trichinella from pigs?
By eating viable encysted organisms in undercooked pork
The toxin that creates the lesions seen with greasy pig disease is a/an ________.
Exfoliative toxin
What is a major disease concern in outdoor pigs that is much less of a problem in conventional commercial pigs?
Parasites....they are outside.
What criteria must be met for livestock production to be considered organic?
No hormones to promote growth
No antibiotics/animal drugs except vaccines
No synthetic parasiticides
100% organic feed
No mammal/poultry by-products in feed
"Healthy concept of living" -> access to environment
Describe the appearance of a pig with a raging Staph. hyicus infection in the skin.
Oily sebaceous secretions with a characteristic smell, crusts, but not pruritic and not febrile.
Causative agent of Diamond Skin Disease.

What is important to note about age of onset?
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

Pigs under 3 months or over 3 years are immune.
D

6 month old pigs have erythematous skin, particularly with patches on their sides and legs, fevers, and painful joints.
Diamond skin disease = Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
What is the most common parasitic infection in pigs?
Sarcoptic mange, Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis.

Associated with poor management and lack of hygiene.
Where would you be most likely to find sarcoptic mange mites on a pig?

What can you treat it with?
Look in the ear, it is most severe in the winter.

Oil mixtures, acaricide spray (Amitraz 0.1%), Ivermectin is better.
Swine pox is carried by ______.
Lice, the pig louse Hematopinus suis as a mechanical vector. Since it is a mechanical vector, assume it can be also carried by other bloodsucking invertebrates.
T/F Swine Pox and its skin lesions are usually not of huge economic importance, but it can cause condemnations.
True, and it is widespread.
Where do you find swine pox lesions and why?
The belly, flank, ears, inner aspects of legs, since these are areas the animals can't reach to groom.
D

Growing pigs are itching and rubbing together, with small red papules all over their bodies.
Sarcoptic mange
Causative agent of ringworm in pigs.
Microsporum nanum, more commonly seen in older pigs in dirt lots and wooden hutches.

Check the farmer, and wash your hands, it can be zoonotic.
Where do you biopsy suspected ringworm lesions?
Along the leading edge for active disease.
Causative agent of pseudoringworm?
Unknown. May be linked to tthe Landrace breed.
D

Pustular dermatitis in rings on the ventral abdomen and inner thighs of piglets, but not itchy and no hair loss.
Pseudoringworm, Pityriasis rosea.

It will resolve on its own without treatment.
** Give the likely skin disease for each presentation

Exudative dermatitis, no pruritis or fever
Diamond- Shaped lesions, fever
Localized lesions, often not fatal
Pruritis, especially ears
Round, expanding lesions anywhere on body
Round expanding lesions on ventrum, not itchy
Exudative dermatitis, no pruritis or fever = Greasy pig
Diamond- Shaped lesions, fever = Erysipelas
Localized lesions, often not fatal = Swine pox
Pruritis, especially ears = Mange
Round, expanding lesions anywhere on body = Ringworm
Round expanding lesions on ventrum, not itchy = Pityriasis rosea
What are some things that can reduce biting in pigs?
Lower stocking density, more space, enough food and water, tail docking, and chewing distractions like straw or hanging boards.
When are sows most likely to attack/savage their young?
First pregnancy gilts that have low body weight and it is most often the first piglet born that gets attacked.

Give them straw or sawdust bedding and let them be calm for birthing.
T/F Sows in heat will respond to a back pressure test regardless of a boar being present.
False, 45% accuracy without a boar rising to 95% accuracy with a boar.
Porcine Stress Syndrome is also called....

How does it occur?
Malignant Hyperthermia

A gene mutation in the ryr-1 gene (in homozygous pigs) affects the activity of calcium channels in the skeletal muscle. Stress and anesthetic agents (reason for the Halothane test) can trigger the cascade, resulting in constricted muscles that quickly lose glycogen (and develop heat).
How does a Porcine Stress Syndrome pig tend to look?
Big bulging muscles, lean, short bodies and rapid tail movements are characteristic of PSS pigs.

"Pale, soft, exudative meat" or "Dark, firm, and dry meat" are possibilities seen at slaughter.
What pigs are predisposed to developing uterine prolapse?
Older sows on slippery, inclined floors that eat a lot.
** Both of these bacteria cause CNS disease in pigs, as well as a polyserositis and a suppurative meningitis and are normal commensal organisms in the lungs of pigs.
Streptococcus suis (Gram +)
Haemophilus parasuis (Gram -)
What are the four main CNS pathogens/diseases in swine we covered in class?
Streptococcus suis
Haemophilus parasuis (Glasser's disease)
F 18 E. coli
Water deprivation/Salt toxicity
T/F For water deprivation/salt toxicity, the cause is often mismanagement.
Considered to be true, the idea being the staff may have seen the water off and turned it back on to full.
What are the five key locations to find polyserositis in pigs with CNS disease from Strep. suis and Haemophilus parasuis?
Epi/pericarditis
Pleuritis
Peritonitis
Arthritis
Meningitis
T/F Acute mortality can occur in pigs with F18 E. coli infections.
True
** "If you do not submit this tissue from a CNS pig, you fail."
Brains! (Cue the zombies)

It's suggested to send one side fresh and the other side in fixative (but the zombies aren't picky).

(You should also submit intestine if you suspect F18 E. coli)
* What do you look for on histopathology of brains of pigs with Streptococcus suis?

What test can also give a diagnosis?
Suppurative meningitis

Culture for S. suis
*T/F To have a positive diagnosis of F18 E. coli edema/CNS disease, you need to have both the F18 pilus and the Shiga-like toxin (Stx2e

*How does the vaccine for this F18 E. coli work?
True

(Col. Mustard in the Kitchen with the Candlestick analogy)

The vaccine is actually made of live non-toxigenic E. coli, which have the F18 pilus but don't have the genes for the Stx2e toxin. The hope is these vaccine E. coli will outcompete the nasty ones.
*What are two "on-label" drugs that can be used to treat S. suis and Haemophilus parasuis pigs? F18 E. coli?
Ceftiofur and Enrofloxacin

Gentamicin, Neomycin in the water
"Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis"/ "Perivascular cuffing"
Water deprivation/Salt toxicity
*How do Strep. suis and H. parasuis cause CNS signs in pigs?
Bacteria in blood ->
Inflammatory response ->
Neuts, cytokines, fluid influx around the brain ->
Swelling and increased intracranial pressure ->
CNS signs
*How do F18 E. coli with the Stx2e toxin cause CNS disease in pigs?
F18 E. coli pilli attach to the enterocyte receptors ->
Toxins are produced, which cause a vasculitis ->
Generalized edema ->
Swelling, increased intracranial pressure ->
CNS signs