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173 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are some different types of production systems for swine?
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Farrow to finish (each pig stays on the same property for all life stages)
Multi-site: often early weaning All in/all out |
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What are three different approaches to weaning piglets?
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-Early weaning occurs at about 3 weeks (approx. 10-15 lbs). Need heat in nursery!
-Traditional weaning at 4-5 weeks (20-25 lbs). Stay in nursery until 8-12 weeks old (60-80 lbs) -Segregated early weaning (14-16 days) may be seen in large scale operations. |
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How much do growers/porkers weigh?
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40-90 lbs
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How much do finishers weigh?
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90-240 lbs
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How much do market weight hogs weigh?
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260-285 lbs
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How much does a mature boar or sow weigh?
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350-800 lbs
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At what age are gilts normally bred?
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6-8 months
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What is the average number of days to market for swine?
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Average for most herds is around 200 days.
Target is 165 days. |
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What is the average rate of gain for a pig over the entire growth period?
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1.7 lbs/day
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Normals for pigs?
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Body temp: 102 F (39 C)
RR: 20-30/min in growers, higher in newborns, 13-15/min in sows HR: 70-80/min in adults, more than 200 in neonates |
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How much do newborn piglets weigh? What environmental temp is needed for newborn piglets?
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2-4 lbs
Preferred temp: 80-90 F |
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What procedures are done to a newborn pig within the first the 24 hours?
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Clip needle teeth
Iron injections Ear notch, tag, or chip Parenteral Vit E/Se often given, depending on region. Possibly tail dock |
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What is the best age to castrate piglets?
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1-2 weeks of age
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What humidity level do pigs prefer?
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40-80% humidity
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How much room do weaners need? 150 lb pig?
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1.7-2.5 sq. feet per weaner
8 sq. feet per 150 lb pig |
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At what temperature level can pigs die from heat stress?
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Adult pigs can die at temperatures over 90 F.
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What do most conventional pigs eat?
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Corn and soy
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What BCS scale is used for swine?
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BCS scale 1-6
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True or false:
Pigs do not have apocrine sweat glands |
True
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What is greasy pig disease? How is it treated?
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Staph. Hyacus infects the skin and produces an exfoliative toxin --> crusts, exudate. They die from dehydration, protein loss.
This is a gram positive - treat with penicillin |
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What affects piglets 1-2 months of age, and looks similar to ringworm, but goes away on its own?
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Pityriasis rosea (porcine juvenile pustular psoriasiform dermatitis)
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What lesion does zinc deficiency cause? What is another differential?
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Symmetrical, non-pruritic, parakaratosis, crust. On ventrum and limbs.
Looks similar to sarcoptic mange and ringworm. |
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What are the differentials for a pig with vesicular lesions?
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Foot and mouth disease
Vesicular stomatitis Swine vesicular disease Vesicular exanthema of swine |
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What is diamond skin disease?
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Systemic infection with Erysithyloprix.
Causes a fever! Also causes endocarditis and joint pain. Rule out Actinobacillus suis |
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What skin lesions might you see in a pig with septicemia?
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Blotchy, cyanotic ventrum/extremities
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What disease can cause lesions similar to Pityriasis rosea, but has up to 15% mortality?
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Porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome.
May be connected to circovirus infection. Pigs will be sick, not eating well, febrile |
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What disease is known to cause vomiting in pigs?
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Transmissible gastroenteritis (caused by corona virus)
Affects all ages Villus blunting and atrophy |
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What age pigs are most likely to to get clostridium perfringens type C enteritis?
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Usually affects piglets less than 1 week old
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What are the clinical signs of clostridium perfringens type C enteritis?
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Acute deaths
Severely hemorrhagic/necrotic intestines |
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How do you diagnose clostridium perfringens type C enteritis?
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Histology
Gram stain of mucosal smear showing large numbers of Gram + rods. |
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How do you treat clostridium perfringens type C enteritis?
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Give sows toxoid vaccines
Oral ampicillin to at risk piglets. |
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What age of pigs are most likely to get enteric colibacillosis (E. coli)?
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Less than 2 weeks old.
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What are the clinical signs of enteric colibacillosis?
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Depending on the strain, piglets may be found dead or have watery to blood-tinged (rarely) stool.
Occasionally vomiting. |
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How do you diagnose enteric colibacillosis?
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Dehydrated with dilated loops of small intestine
Pure culture of an enterotoxigenic serotype, plus histology |
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How do you treat enteric colibacillosis?
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Oral +/- parenteral abx.
Heat Hygiene |
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What virus causes TGE?
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Coronavirus
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What age pigs are most likely get TGE?
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Can affect any age if herd is naive.
Most severe in piglets < 1 month |
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What are the clinical signs of TGE?
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Vomiting, diarrhea, and high mortality in piglets.
Sows may also be anorexic, vomiting. |
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How do you diagnose TGE?
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Direct EM of feces
Can be difficult to diagnose in enzootic herds Histo of marked atrophy of villi. Vaccines available. |
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What age of pigs are most likely to get Rotaviral enteritis?
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Typically less than 3 weeks but can rarely affect pigs up to 8 weeks.
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What are the clinical signs of rotavirus enteritis?
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Scourring
Slowed growth rate Low mortality unless complicated by other factors. |
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What age pigs are most likely to be affected by Isospora suis (Coccidiosis)?
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Less than 3 weeks old.
Typically at 7-10 days. |
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What are the clinical signs of coccidiosis?
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White scour with high morbidity, low mortality
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How do you diagnose coccidiosis?
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Intestinal smears
Fecal float Histology to demonstrate organisms. |
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How do you treat coccidiosis?
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Trimeth-sulfas
Toltrazuril |
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What age of pigs are susceptible to Clostridium difficile?
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Uncommon disease affecting pigs < 3 weeks old.
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What are the clinical signs of Clostridum difficile infection?
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Usually sudden death +/- diarrhea
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How do you diagnose Clostridium difficile?
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Mesocolonic edema
Fibrinonecrotizing colitis Diagnose by demonstrating toxin |
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How do you treat Clostridium difficile?
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Oral ampicillin
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What ages of pigs are susceptible to porcine epidemic diarrhea?
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Diarrhea in all ages but most severe in finishers.
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What clinical signs are seen with porcine epidemic diarrhea?
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Clinical signs very similar to TGE
Reportable disease! Exotic to USA |
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True or false:
Fecal pH is often elevated in pigs with colibacillosis enteritis. |
True
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What site should you use for blood draws in pigs?
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Anterior vena cava
Jugular Orbital sinus Ear and tail veins |
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Where do you give IM injections in pigs?
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Neck muscles
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Where should you give SQ injections?
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In the loose skin behind the shoulder.
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What anesthetic agents can be used in pigs?
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Pentobarbital
Thiopental Thiamylal Azaperone Ketamine Telazol |
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What are clinical signs of enteric salmonellosis?
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Septicemia
Widespread thrombosis/infarction Multifocal hepatitis Often pneumonia "Turkey egg" kidneys Splenomegally Button ulcers seen in the GI tract in chronic infections. Possibly blood stool |
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What organism can cause proliferation of the mucosal epithelium?
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Lawsonia intracellularis - invades epithelial cells
Also causes watery brown scours. Can also lead to hemorrhagic ileitis. Seen in 3-4 month old pigs. |
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What causes swine dysentery?
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Brachyspira hyodysenteriae - causes superficial necrotizing colitis
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What are clinical signs of swine dysentery?
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Mucoid diarrhea with flecks of blood --> grey/black soupy stool +/- fibrin
Anorexia, fever (low grade) --> dehydration, severe weight loss |
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What are the clinical signs of Brachyspira pilosicoli?
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Minimal clinical signs
Transient diarrhea which progresses to a loose cow-pie like stool. Decreased rate of gain Low mortality |
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At what age are piglets usually vaccinated?
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3 weeks of age
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What are standard vaccinations for breeding sows?
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Parvo
Lepto PRRS Erysipelas |
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What are some possible causes of congenital tremor in preweaned pigs
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Genetic
Classical swine fever Circovirus type 1 But most are idiopathic |
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What are 6 CNS diseases of neonatal pigs?
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Hypoglycemia
Iron toxicity Hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus Encephalomyocarditis virus Pseudorabies Classical swine fever (hog cholera) |
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What age of pigs are most affected by Strep. suis?
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2-12 week old piglets
Many pigs are carriers |
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True or false:
Streptococcus suis is zoonotic |
True
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True or false:
Streptococcus suis is able to enter the CNS |
True - able to survive short term in macrophages, which enables them to enter the CNS
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What virus causes pseudorabies?
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Herpesvirus
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What are the clinical signs of pseudorabies?
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<4 weeks: ataxia, seizures, opisthotonus, sudden death
>4 weeks: signs less severe in adults. Abortion and respiratory disease may predominate. |
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How do you diagnose pseudorabies?
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Virus identification via FA, isolation
Histopathology Reportable disease!!! |
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What virus causes Hog Cholera?
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Pestivirus
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How do you treat strep suis?
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Penicillin, ampicillin
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Is hog cholera a reportable disease?
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Yes.
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What drug do you use to treat fibrinous polyserositis?
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Penicillin or cephtiofur
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What differentials are there for a pig that has fibrinopurulent effusions, and septicemia (hemorrhages).
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Glassier's disease
Mullberry heart disease (vit E/selenium defficiency) |
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What causes Glasser's disease?
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Hemophilus parasuis
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What virus causes Hog Cholera?
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Pestivirus
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How do you treat strep suis?
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Penicillin, ampicillin
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Is hog cholera a reportable disease?
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Yes.
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What drug do you use to treat fibrinous polyserositis?
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Penicillin or cephtiofur
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What differentials are there for a pig that has fibrinopurulent effusions, and septicemia (hemorrhages).
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Glassier's disease
Strep suis |
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What should you suspect if you see an outbreak of hind end paresis?
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Selenium toxicosis
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What causes edema disease?
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Enterotoxigenic e. coli
There is often a history of recent feed change |
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What are the clinical signs of edema disease?
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Ataxia
Recumbency Death May detect abnormal squeal, eyelid, or facial edema Typically does not cause diarrhea Edema of spiral colon, and greater curvature of the stomach |
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What is the treatment for edema disease?
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Can try abx, but manipulating feed, acidifying water is likely to be more effective in preventing further cases.
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What is the toxin in edema disease?
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Shiga-like toxin
Targets endothelium |
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How do you diagnose and treat salt poisoning?
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Eosinophilic perivascular cuffing on histology.
Give limited water, and maybe mannitol. |
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What age of pigs are affected by Glasser's disease
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3 weeks- 4 months.
Older pigs if "high health" herds |
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What are the signs of Glasser's disease?
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Fibrinous polyserositis
Sudden death common |
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Diseases that cause sneezing in pigs?
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Cytomegalovirus - piglets only
PRRS Swine influenza Environment Atrophic rhinitis Pseudorabies |
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True or False:
Swine flu is a low morbidity, high mortality disease |
False!
High morbidity, low mortality |
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What are the clinical signs of swine influenza?
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High fever
Sneezing Moist cough Conjuntivitis Anorexia |
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What are the clinical signs of swine influenza?
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High fever
Sneezing Moist cough Conjuntivitis Anorexia |
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What are the clinical signs of swine influenza?
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High fever
Sneezing Moist cough Conjuntivitis Anorexia |
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What virus causes PRRS (porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome)
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Arterivirus
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What are the clinical signs of swine influenza?
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High fever
Sneezing Moist cough Conjuntivitis Anorexia |
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What virus causes PRRS (porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome)
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Arterivirus
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What are the clinical signs of swine influenza?
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High fever
Sneezing Moist cough Conjuntivitis Anorexia |
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What virus causes PRRS (porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome)
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Arterivirus
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True or false:
PRRS causes high pre-weaning mortality |
True
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What virus causes PRRS (porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome)
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Arterivirus
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True or false:
PRRS causes high pre-weaning mortality |
True
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True or false:
PRRS causes high pre-weaning mortality |
True
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What virus causes PRRS (porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome)
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Arterivirus
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What are the clinical signs of PRRS?
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Coughing
Sneezing Abnormal respiration Sows may have late term abortion, increased mummies and weak pigs. |
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True or false:
PRRS causes high pre-weaning mortality |
True
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True or false:
PRRS causes high pre-weaning mortality |
True
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What are the clinical signs of PRRS?
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Coughing
Sneezing Abnormal respiration Sows may have late term abortion, increased mummies and weak pigs. |
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What are the signs of porcine circovirus associated disease?
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Poor growth
Polypnea Dyspnea Pallor Rough hair coat Occationally jaundice Interstitial pneumonia and lymphadenopathy common Hepatitis |
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What are the clinical signs of PRRS?
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Coughing
Sneezing Abnormal respiration Sows may have late term abortion, increased mummies and weak pigs. |
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What are the clinical signs of PRRS?
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Coughing
Sneezing Abnormal respiration Sows may have late term abortion, increased mummies and weak pigs. |
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What are the clinical signs of PRRS?
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Coughing
Sneezing Abnormal respiration Sows may have late term abortion, increased mummies and weak pigs. |
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What are the signs of porcine circovirus associated disease?
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Poor growth
Polypnea Dyspnea Pallor Rough hair coat Occationally jaundice Interstitial pneumonia and lymphadenopathy common Hepatitis |
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What are the signs of porcine circovirus associated disease?
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Poor growth
Polypnea Dyspnea Pallor Rough hair coat Occationally jaundice Interstitial pneumonia and lymphadenopathy common Hepatitis |
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What are the signs of porcine circovirus associated disease?
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Poor growth
Polypnea Dyspnea Pallor Rough hair coat Occationally jaundice Interstitial pneumonia and lymphadenopathy common Hepatitis |
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What are the signs of porcine circovirus associated disease?
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Poor growth
Polypnea Dyspnea Pallor Rough hair coat Occationally jaundice Interstitial pneumonia and lymphadenopathy common Hepatitis |
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What is the etiologic agent for atrophic rhinitis?
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B. bronchiseptica
Pasteurella multocida |
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What age of pigs most commonly get atrophic rhinitis?
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3 weeks - 4 months
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What are the clinical signs of atrophic rhinitis?
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Sneezing
Snorting Nasal discharge Tearing Snout deviation Poor growth Secondary pneumonia may be seen. |
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What is a common bacteria that causes pleuropneumonia?
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Actinobacillus pleuroneumoniae
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What age pigs most commonly get pleuropneumonia?
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1-5 months
High morbidity/high mortality disease |
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What etiological agent causes enzootic pneumonia?
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Mycoplasma hypopneumoniae
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What clinical signs are seen with enzootic pneumonia?
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Persistent cough
Decreased rate of gain and poor growth High morbidity and low mortality |
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At what age do pigs commonly get enzootic pneumonia?
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First signs usually seen in animals over 1 month old.
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What parasite can cause respiratory disease in pigs?
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Migrating Ascaris suum.
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What clinical signs can be seen with Ascaris suum?
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Cough
Sometimes a low fever Heavy infection or hypersensitivity response can cause some fatalities. |
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How can you diagnose an Ascaris suum infection?
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Fecal float
Milk spot liver on postmortem |
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What respiratory problem can be tied to bad feed?
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Fumonisin toxicosis (Fusarium moniliforme) - associated with feeding moldy corn.
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What clinical signs are seen in Fumonisin toxicosis?
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Dyspnea
Cyanosis Subacute cases may develop hepatic lesions. |
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What lesions will you see on necropsy in a case of moldy corn toxicosis?
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Hydrothorax
Pulmonary edema |
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What is the most economically important disease of the swine industry?
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PRRS
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What are possible routes of transmission for PRRS?
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Saliva
Nasal secretions Urine Semen Milk Transplacental Aerosol |
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What is the distribution of lung lesions in enzootic pneumonia?
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Cranioventral distribution.
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What virus causes Porcine Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome?
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Circovirus type 2
Also called Porcine Circovirus Associated Disease Causes slowly progressive weight loss in 8-16 wk old pigs |
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What are the clinical signs of Porcine Circovirus Associated Disease?
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Wasting, poor growth
Lymphadenopathy Pallor Jaundice May also see cough, dyspnea, diarrhea, even neuro signs |
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What other problems is circovirus associated with in pigs?
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Abortions
Porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (vasculitis disease) |
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What control measures can be used for Porcine Circovirus Associated Disease (PCAD)?
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Good hygiene and management practices in farrowing room and nursery
Try to control co-infections through vaccination of sows, early vaccination in nursery Avoid mixing, overstocking, poor air quality All-in/all-out Solid pen partitions Remove poor doers promptly Needles for single injection only Consider circovirus vaccines |
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How long is the is estrus in the sow? Length of cycle?
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2 day estrus
21 day cycle |
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How long is gestation for pigs?
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113-115 days
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What is an 'acceptable' abortion rate for swine producers?
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2%
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How common is dystocia in sows?
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Not common (1-2%)
Piglets delivered every 10-15 min. |
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What are some indications that the sow is having trouble with parturition?
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Worry if there is an interval of 10 minutes of obvious straining, or if parturition takes more than 3 hours
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What are two treatments for dystocia in sows?
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Oxytocin (no more than 3 times, or 20 UI)
Try giving tired sows calcium |
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What kind of anesthesia should be used for C-section?
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Epidural anesthesia: 15 ml of 2% lidocaine usually adequate for C-section.
Never exceed 20 ml |
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True or false:
Most infertility problems of swine are of an infectious origin |
False
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What are some main causes of infertility/pregnancy loss?
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Heat stress --> EED, small litters, etc.
Seasonal infertility (late summer) Estrogenic mycotoxins --> infertility, EED Carbon monoxide Overconditioned sow (still births) Management |
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Name some infectious causes of infertility in swine
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PRRS
Parvovirus Pseudorabies Circovirus Classical swine fever/hog cholera |
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What are signs of PRRS related infertility?
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Late term abortions
Sows often sick May see hemorrhage in umbilical cord (rare) |
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How do you get a definitive diagnosis of PRRS?
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Sample fetal thoracic fluid, and thymus from at least 3-4 of the litter for PCR.
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Can you vaccinate to protect against PRRS?
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Yes
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What is a classic finding in parvoviral abortions?
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Mummies
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What sample should you take to diagnose parvovirus?
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Lung tissue from fetuses
Fluorescent antibody test |
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What lesion does circovirus cause in aborted fetuses?
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Fetal myocarditis
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What are some signs of hog cholera caused abortion?
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Sow will be sick with highly virulent strains
Other strains only cause mummified, weak or stillborn piglets. |
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Other less common infectious causes of abortion in swine?
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Leptospira
Brucella suis - reportable, rare Opportunistic agents: E. coli, Strep, A. pyogenes, Actinobacillus suis Toxoplasmosis Encephalomyocarditis virus Any agent that causes a fever |
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What disorder of milk production is a problem in sows?
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Postpartum dysgalactia syndrome of sows
Proposed pathogenesis: endotoxemia causes hormonal imbalance --> decreased milk production and let down |
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What are the clinical signs of postpartum dysgalactia of sows? Treatment?
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Decreased milk ejection
Mammary tenderness Lethargy Anorexia Tx: Banamine plus attention to underlying problem |
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Name some main causes of preweaning mortality
|
Expect 10-12% preweaning mortality
Crushing Hypothermia Hypoglycemia Enteritis! Anemia Savaging Pneumonia, septicemia, other infections |
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Name common urinary tract diseases in pigs
|
Leptospirosis
Cystitis-pyelonephritis (Actinobaculum suis) Porcine dermatopathy and nephropathy syndrome Urate crystals - in dehydrated pigles Pigweed Aminoglycoside toxicity |
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What is Glasser's disease?
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Caused by Haemophilus suis
Causes fibrinous polyserositis, infectious polyarthritis |
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What are the clinical signs of Glasser's disease?
|
Pyrexia
Dyspnea Lameness Tremors Chronic lameness Cough Weight loss Can be devastating in high health herds |
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What bacterial disease can mimic erysipelas?
|
Actinobacillus suis
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What are the clinical signs of erysipolas?
|
Acute:
High fever Anorexia Lethargy Chronic: Arthritis Endocarditis |
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Name some infectious causes of arthritis in pigs.
|
Glasser's
Strep suis Erysipolas H. parasuis M. hyorhinus M. hyosynoviae |
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What are some noninfectious causes of musculoskeletal disease?
|
OCD
Osteoporosis Vertebral abscess Splayleg Malignant hyperthermia |
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When is the best time to do hernia repair in piglets?
|
After weaning when they are stronger and can undergo anesthesia
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What is the #1 neoplasia of pigs?
|
Lymphosarcoma
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What cancer are durocs prone to?
|
Melanoma
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What are some routine surgeries that are done on young piglets?
|
Clip teeth +/- dock tail at less than 1 week
Castration at less than 2 weeks |
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Ideally, how long should new pigs be quarantined before they are introduced to the herd?
|
Minimum 30 days, 60 days is better
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When doing AI on pigs, make sure semen and embryos come from accredited sources free of what disease?
|
PRRS
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Name some diseases/problems that are more common in outdoor pigs?
|
Sunburn
Heat stress Ectoparasites Osteochondrosis Penis damage in young boars More lameness Ringworm Parasites!!! Aural hematomas Soil associated bacterial infections (tetanus, erysipelas) |
