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137 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are three important roles with skin infections?
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Vitamin D synthesis
Thermoregulation Immunoregulation |
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T/F: Skin diseases rarely cause production/economic loss
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FALSE! Skin disease can severely impact economic loss
skin disease does not equal money! |
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What skin disease might you think of with a piglet 1-5wks
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Greasy pig
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What skin disease might you think of with a pig age 3mo-3yrs
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Erysipelas
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Causative agent of edema disease?
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E. coli (F18)
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Causative agent of pruritis?
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Sarcoptic mange
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Causative agent of Greasy Pig Disease?
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Staph. hyicus
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Case: 1-4 wk old piglets with exudative dermatitis. The lesions began on the face and head area. The pigs have no fever and are not pruritic. There is high morbidity and high mortality.
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Greasy pig disease (Staph hyicus)
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How do piglets get Greasy Pig disease?
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S. hyicus is present in the vagina of gilts-colonization can take place during farrowing. Enters the skin through bites and scratches.
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What type of toxin is involved with Greasy Pig disease?
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Exfoliative toxin
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What are the microscopic lesions associated with Greasy Pig disease?
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Exfoliation/crust formation -->Acanthosis
Perivascular inflammation in the dermis |
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What can you do to control Greasy Pig disease?
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Teeth clipping
Soft and dry bedding Sanitation & disinfection my be beneficial Avoid mixing litters Parenteral abx early in disease if you can |
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What is the causative agent of Erysipelas?
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Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
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What are the two phases of Erysipelas and what are their main characteristics?
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Actue phase: high fever and skin is erythematous
Chronic phase: diamond shaped lesions and nonsupp arthritis |
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T/F: Some pigs are immune to Erysipelas infection
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True- young (<3months) and older pigs (>3ys) are immune
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What might increase susceptibility to Erysipelas?
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Aflatoxins in feed
Environmental and stress factors |
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How is erysipelas infection obtained?
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Through contaminated feed and water
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What does an acute case of erysipelas involve? What is the result of a chronic case?
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Acute cases involve bacteremia (severe acute can = hemolysis)
Non systemic cases involve skin only Chronic cases result in arthritis |
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When do diamond skin lesions appear in the course of erysipelas infection
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2-3d post infection
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What samples can you isolate erysipelas from in an acute case?
chronic case? |
Acute: lungs, spleen, kidney
Chronic: joints |
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What is the treatment for erysipelas in acute cases?
Prevention? |
Tx: Penicillin (can't treat chronic)
Prevent: Vaccine in outbreak herds. eliminate carriers, good hygiene and sanitation |
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What type of creature is involved with swine pox?
What age of pig is most susceptible? |
Louse (Hematopinus suis)
Pigs 3 months of age |
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Case: Pigs 3 months old with pale, flat, and rounded lesions on belly, flank, and inner side of legs and ears. Some lesions are now pustules with erythema.
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Swine pox
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T/F: Only the skin is involved with swine pox
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True
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T/F: Swine pox has a high economic impact
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No-that is why there is no vaccine available
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How do you prevent swine pox?
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Good husbandry-get rid of the lice and don't introduce carriers
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What is the causative agent of sarcoptic mange
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Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis
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What is the most common parasitic skin infection of pigs?
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Sarcoptic mange
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Case: Pigs that are rubbing and scratching themselves along the side of the crate. Pigs are shaking their head and you notice some lesions around the ear. There are also papules on the rump, flank, and abdominal region. The pigs are just really really itchy
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Sarcoptic mange
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What are the two forms of Sarcoptic mange?
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Chronic (hyperkeratosis of sows)
Pruritic (hypersensitivity in growers) |
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How do you confirm Sarcoptic mange?
How will you treat? |
Mite detection in ear region
Will also see rubbing in growing pigs with small red papules on the body (this is diagnostic) Tx: oil mixtures, ascaricide spray, Ivermectin (better) |
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What is the etiology of ringworm?
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Microsporum nanum
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Case: It has been a warm, humid couple of weeks and you go out to a farm. You find some older pigs housed in dirt lots and wooden hutches with circular spots that have grown over time. You isolate a fungus from the lesion.
What is the most likley cause? Should you wear gloves? |
Ringworm
YES! Wear gloves (probably a good practice anyways) |
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Where will you obtain your skin biopsy with a suspected ringworm infection?
How will you treat it? |
From the leading edge of the lesion
Tx: iodine and mineral oil solution. Also disinfect the breeding area, wash the pigs, and spray antifungals in farrowing house |
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Case:Young pigs (3-13wks old) present with pustular dermatitis in the shape of rings on the ventral abdomen and inner thighs. The pigs are not pruritic and there is no hair loss.
Upon closer inspection you see papules raised with a central crater. The rings coalesce to form large mosaic structures. No fungus was isolated. What is it and what will you do? |
Pityrisasis rosea lesions
Nothing-will resolve spontaneously Can attempt to prevent by having good sanitation, prevent overstocking/high temp and humidity, and cull breeding stock that produce these progeny |
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What are four ddx for CNS signs in a pig?
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Strep. suis
Haemophilus parasuis F18 E. coli Water dep/Salt toxicity |
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What does PRRS do to macrophages?
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Destroys them and makes the pig more susceptible to Strep suis
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What is the concern with Strep. suis?
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Zoonotic!!
Don't stab yourself |
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What are the risk factors for a Strep suis and Haemophilus parasuis infections?
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Stress
Immunocomprmise Underlying disease (mixing, chilling, PRRS, etc) |
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Why does edemad disease only occur after 3wks of age (and most often 3-4ws post weaning)
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Age dependent receptor on enterocyts
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How long does it take for water deprivation/salt toxicity to be a problem with pigs?
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24hrs without water
Severity is greatest when water is re-introduced |
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What are four things you would ask when you get to a farm with pigs displaying CNS signs?
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Farm type
Age of pigs (how long placed?) Percentage of pigs Farm history Sourcing Distribution in population Response to tx Other CS History of "event" |
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What type of events can precipitate CNS signs in pigs?
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Water event
Stress event Temperature event Oral vaccination Power outage |
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What are common CS in Strep suis and Haemophilus parasuis infections?
What about common postmortem signs? |
CS: Swollen joints, Resp distress (cough, thumping), Chronic poor doers, Sepsis
Postmortem: Polyserositis, Bronchopneumonia (CV consoldiation), Sepsis (splenomegaly and liver congestion) |
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What are common CS and postmortem signs with F18 E.coli
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CS: diarrhea/swollen forehead?, acute mortality
Postmortem: edema in stomach wall?, loose stool in intestine |
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What might you think of if you see a pig "Dog sitting" and then falling backwards and having a "sucked up" appearance
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Water deprivation
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What are the two golden rules of sample collection?
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1. Trash in = Trash out
2. The lab can throw away what it doesn't want (i.e. get everything) |
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What are important things to do when getting samples for a CNS disease
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Remember the golden rules
Pig selection (little value in dead, cull, or treated pigs)...get about 3 Swabs (can add value but not great alone) Blood serum-little value in CNS Tissues **BRAINS - You fail if you do not submit this with CNS case!-take first (one fresh and one fixed) INTESTINES-multiple sections Other (tonsil, 5 LN, lung, heart, liver, spleen, kidney) |
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What diagnostics are important with Strep suis?
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BRAIN tissue
Histopath-suppurative menigitis Culture of Strep suis |
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What diagnostics are important with Haemophilus parasuis?
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BRAIN tissue
Histopath-suppurative meningitis PRC pos for HPS |
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What diagnostics are important with E. coli?
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INTESTINE
Histopath-colonization of enterocytes by coccobacilli Culture E.col (heavy growth) Isolate Genotyping (F18 pilus AND Stx2e toxin positive) |
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What diagnostics are important with water deprivation
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BRAIN tissue
Histopath-Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis |
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What is the pathognomonic lesion for water deprivation?
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Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis
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What is the pathogenesis of Strep suis AND Haemophilus parasuis?
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Bacteria invade -->localization of bacterial -->initiation of inflamm response -->Influx neuts/cytokines/protein/fluid --> swelling and increased ICP
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What is the pathogenesis of E. coli Edema disease?
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ingestion --> attachment -->toxin production --> vasculitis leads to edema --> swelling/ increased ICP
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What is the pathogenesis of Water Deprivation?
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water dep --> dehydration -->partitioning/concentration of Na+ ions in brain --> reaccess to water --> water follows salt --> influx excessive water into brain --> swelling/ increased ICP
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How might you treat Strep suis?
How would you treat Haemophilus parasuis? |
Ceftiofur, Enrofloxacin
Off label: Tiamulin Mass injectable to get control of problem |
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How can you treat F18 E. coli?
How can you prevent it? |
Tx: Gentamicin, Neomycin
Florfenicol may impoce prognosis Prevent: Vaccinate with non-toxigenic F18 E. coli and 3000 ppm Zn |
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How can you treat water deprivation?
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NONE
if find with water off-SLOW introduction to water |
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What is the second most common reason sows are culled?
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Lameness
(after reproductive issues) |
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T/F: Lameness disorders are multifactoral and can be a result of infectious and non-infectious causes
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True
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What are the management causes of lameness
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Inexperienced crew
Failure to distinguish b/w endemic and epidemic causes Baseline/Acceptable levels need to be established Barn Conditions |
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What are 2 bacterial causes of lameness?
What about viral causes? |
Mycoplasma hyosynoviae
Glasser's disease Polyarthritis Erysipelas Viral: SVD and FMD |
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Case: Pigs 4 months old housed on solid floor pens. About 20% of your heard is affected with sudden lameness issues. Most have severe lameness with minimal swelling though a few had tremendous swelling (3-20X synovial fluid). Many are kneeling or dog sitting. Several pigs have fibrinous arthritis.
What do you likley have and how would you treat it? |
Mycoplasma hyosynoviae
Tiamulin works best to tx (and improve hygeine) |
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What is the etiology of Glasser's Disease
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Hemophilus parasuis
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Case: Pigs 1 week post weaning present with severe acute lameness, hot joints, and fever. Many of them are reluctant to move or are paddling. Close to 100% of your herd is affected
Necropsy: Polyserositis is found in the gut, petechial hemorrhages on the kidney and suppurative arthritis |
Glasser's Disease
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Why has prevalence of Glasser's disease gone up since the 80s
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Decreased contact time with the sow --> role of waning maternal immunity
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How are pigs infected with Glasser's Disease
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The nasal route
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T/F: Protection from one serovar of Glasser's Disease adequately crossprotects pigs against the other serovars
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False
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Case: Piglets 6d old have swollen joints and septicemia. There is increased synovial fluid and they have some pneumonia and other concurrent infections. What is the likely cause
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Polyarthritis
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Name 2 causes of noninfectious lameness
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Splay Leg
OCD Foot Problems Mineral Deficiency |
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Case: About 1% of your Landrace piglet herd is affected with lameness. You notice this a few hours after birth. The piglets have hind limb abduction. Affected piglets are unable to stand. You make note that the affected piglets were of low birth weight and the sows had a shorter gestation length.
What do you likely have? |
Splay leg
polygenic trait |
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What is the pathogenesis of splay leg?
Can you fix it? |
reduction in axonal diameter and myelin sheath (innervate hindllimb adductors)
Yes: Keep pigs warm, massage hindlimbs, use elastic bands Avoid early farrowing |
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What are predisposing factors to developing OCD
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Modern pig production (large mm mass and rapid growth)
Mechanical stress Bone angulation Body conformation Wet/Slippery floor |
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What is bush foot?
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cellulites at the coronary band
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What is a predisposing cause to foot rot and hoof injury?
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Wet floors (poor flooring)
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What does "organic livestock" denote?
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No hormones to promote growth
No abx/animal drugs other than vx No synthetic parasiticides 100% organic feed No mammalian or poultry by-products in feed Healthy concept of living (free access to enviro) |
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What is the difference between Organic and ABF pork?
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Organic - feed needs to be all organic, 8-10 sows per acre, pasture rotation is highly recommended
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What are the advantages of an outdoor system as opposed to an indoor system?
Disadvantages? |
Advantages:
Promote animal welfare Low energy cost Low risk resp problems Disadvantages: High feed cost Adverse weather Disease transmission (feral hogs and cats) Parasitic infections |
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What are 3 outdoor pig production requirements
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Soil free draining
Access to shade/cool water mandatory Water use confined to drinking and maintenance of wallows |
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What are 3 production challenges for outdoor pigs
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Disease transmission through other animals
Bacterial (antimicrobial resistance!) Parasitic (protozoal and round worms) |
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Name three pathogens that wild pigs are reservoirs for
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Brucella
E. coli Psuedorabies Salmonella C. difficile |
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T/F: Wild pigs have been show to carry antibiotic resistant organisms
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True
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T/F: Sunburn can cause abortion
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True
PG is released from skin |
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What is the predilection organ for Trichuris?
Metastrongylus? |
T: Cecum and Colon
M: Bronchi and bronchioles |
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T/F: Free range and organically raised pigs have a greater prevalence of parasites than commercial pigs
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True
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What are the three phases of life cycle for neontal coccidiosis
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Sporogony: oocyst pass in feces
Excystation: immediately after ingestion Endogenous: in enterocyte cytoplasm |
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What is the definitive host for Toxoplasmosis?
Where does the organism like to form tissue cysts? Is it zoonotic? |
Cats
Muscle, myocardium, and brain ZOONOTIC-YES YES YES |
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How do pigs get Trichinella?
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Feed on infected rodents/meat from other animals
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T/F: Toxoplasmosis is more common on commercial farms than in ABF herds
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False
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What is the most common parasite of pigs?
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Ascaris suum
Problem in GROWING pigs |
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What are two common signs of ascarid infection other than worms in stool?
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Productive cough (wheeze thump)
Lung and Liver Damage (white spots from larvae migration) |
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What are the three modes of infection for kidney worm (Stephanurus dentatus)
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Ingest free L3
Ingest earthworm carrying L3 Skin penetration by L3 |
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What are the two standards to outdoor production issued by the animal welfare institute?
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regular pasture rotation and proper bedding management/removal
If not effective = medicinal regimen |
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What is a contributing factor for aggression in pigs?
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Space-need adequate space for grouth
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What are two complications of overcrowding?
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Aggression
Competition for feed/water (low intake and reduced growth, increased feed to gain ratio) |
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What are some causes of biting in pigs
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Restlessness
Lack of adequate feed/water Tail waving Crowding Ventilation |
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T/F: Pigs don't seem to recognize bites on the distal half of the tail
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True
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T/F: It may not be the best to be the first born piglet to a low body weight, primiparous sow
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True-Savaging is more common in primiparous sows (directed to first born and sows low in body weight)
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What can you do to reduce savaging of piglets by the sow?
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Apply straw and sawdust
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What are some problems that result in poor sexual behavior?
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Locomotor or penile injury
Mating environment Estrus detection & receptivity is low Environment |
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What are the two levels at which fungi can contaminate feed?
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Field (difficult to control)
Storage (can control) |
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What are some problems caused by mycotoxin intoxication
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Alter immune functions leading to disease
Decrease pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-alpha) Reproductive problems |
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How can you prevent and control mycotoxins
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Change feed source
Check feed bins for mold/odor Analyze suspect feed to ID mycotoxin Add mold inhibitor if moisture high Dilute contaminated feed with new feed |
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What is the etiology of porcine stress syndrome
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gene mutation in ryr-1 gene (Hal gene)
Causes heavy muscling, leanness, susceptibility to stress and anesthetic agents, low pork quality |
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How can you diagnose porcine stress syndrome?
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Visual (40-80% accuracy): short body, bulging hams, thin layer body fat and rapid tail movement
Halothane Challenge test: 3-6% inhaled for 5 min = muscle rigidity (Positive test) |
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What causes dark, firm, dry meat in pigs?
How about pale, soft, exudative meat? |
1. severe glycogen depletion (pH increase)
2. stimulation during slaughter process (pH decrease) |
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How can you prevent nutritional disorders in pigs?
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Make sure they have access to feed and water
Check feed quality on regular basis Consider gender/age/farm when formulating diet Implement quality control program |
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What is the main contributor to prolapse and hernias?
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Diet
Thought do have genetic predisposition and multifactorial causes |
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What can cause a rectal prolaspe
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Straining: Constipation/water shortage
Increased abdominal pressue Certain abs (Tylosin) Toxins Coughing Rapid growth etc |
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What can cause a vaginal prolase?
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Slippery/inclined floors
High feed intake |
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T/F: One of the most common developmental defects that can cause slaughter at a young age is due to inguinal or umbilical hernias
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True
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What disease is formerly known as Hog Cholera
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Classical Swine Fever
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What are the natural reservoirs for CSF
what is the primary transmissiong?factor |
wild and domestic pigs
People=primary transmission factor |
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Where does primary virus replication occur in CSF?
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Tonsils
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T/F: Spread of CSF is complete within 6d, the virus is immunosuppresive, and lymphocyte depletion eventually occurs
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True
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What are some agents that may have similar CS to CSF?
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African Swine Fever
PRRS PDNS Salmonella |
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What is often termed "pathognominic" to CSF?
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Goose stepping
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What does the kidney look like with CSF? Why?
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Turkey egg appearance --> petechia
Due to thrombocytopenia |
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How would you diagnose CSF?
What is the control? |
Virus isolation = TONSILS!
ELISA is less sensitive PCR? Short viremia period of CSF Animal destruction is main tool of control US not allowed to vaccinate anymore |
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What tissue do you use for diagnosis of diseases? (ie. Dr. Almond's favorite)
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TONSIL!
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A pig is presumed to have CSF but your best tissue sample is necrotic-what samples would you submit?
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Tonsil, blood, and other LN
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What is the normal temperature of an adult pig? (CSF and FMD will present with a remarkable fever)
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101-103 degrees F
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What may be the most contagious viral disease of mammals?
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FMD
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What is the most common mode of transmission of FMD?
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contact between infected and susceptible animals
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T/F: FMD generally experiences high morbidity and low mortality
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True
(except in piglets) |
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What is the incubation period of FMD
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2-10d
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T/F: Pigs produce about 5x more FMD airborne virus than sheep and cattle
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Ture
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T/F: Pigs that have FMD will develop vesicles on the dorsal tongue
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False
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How might pigs die with FMD before the vesicles appear?
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Virus induced myocarditis
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What are your ddx with vesicles in a pig?
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VS
FMD VE SVD |
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What is the most common method of FMD diagnosis?
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ELISA
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What type of vaccine can a pig get with FMD for control?
Can you differentiate the disease from the vaccine? |
one prepared with oil
NO |
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What type of virus causes FMD?
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pircornavirus
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What type of virus causes CSF?
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pestivirus
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What non-foreign animal disease can mimic FMD lesions in swine and other animals
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VE
VS SVD |
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What are the most common CS of FMD
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vesicles on the snout, coronary bands and heels plus emaciation and fever
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