Swine Health 2 - Ncsu

Front 1

What are the major viral infections that cause villus blunting and malabsorption

Back 1

TGE and Rotavirus

Front 2

What infection in pigs causes destruction of intestinal absorptive epithelium

Back 2

Coccidiosis

Front 3

Absence of white lymphatic ducts due to impaired absorption of milk is indicative of what type of infection?

Back 3

Viral

Front 4

What is the most common pathogen associated with inflammatory diarrhea?

Back 4

Salmonella Typhimurium

Front 5

T/F Coccidiosis is on your ddx list with a 4 day old pig

Back 5

False- Coccidiosis won't appear until 6 days of age

Front 6

In a neonatal pig with diarrhea which of the following is not a potential pathogen on your list of differenials?
a. E. coli
b. Clostriduim difficile
c. Salmonella typhimurium
d. Rotavirus

Back 6

C. Salmonella typhimurium

Front 7

With a post weaning/growing finish pig, you will not have this pathogen on your list of differentials

Back 7

Clostridium perfringens Type A & C

Front 8

T/F Absorption occurs predominantly in the villus epithelium

Back 8

True

Front 9

T/F Secretion occurs predominantly in the villus epithelium

Back 9

False- occurs in the crypt epithelium

Front 10

T/F Major histological damage is seen in acute disease

Back 10

False-only minor histo damage is seen

Front 11

How do you treat secretory diarrhea?

Back 11

Oral rehydration solutions are effective in alleviating dehydration

Front 12

T/F In secretory diarrhea, enterotoxins bind to intestinal epithelial cells and elicit secretion of electrolytes and block Cl- absorption resulting in massive fluid loss into the intestinal lumen

Back 12

False- blocks Na+ absorption

Front 13

**Name 4 causes of malabsorptive diarrhea

Back 13

TGE
Rotavirus
Coccidiosis
Brachyspira Hyodysenteriae (Swine Dysentery)

Front 14

Which pathogen produces toxins that bind to intestinal epithelium and activate sensory nerves?

Back 14

C. difficile

Front 15

What are the 3 major mechanisms by which mast cells induce diarrhea?

Back 15

Hypersecretion
Inflammation
Increased gut permeability

Front 16

What are three predisposing factors for neonatal enteric disease in pigs?

Back 16

Lack of maternal passive immunity
Stress
Intestinal immaturity

Front 17

What is the most important step to minimize enteric disease in piglets?

Back 17

meet the piglets basic needs

Front 18

What types of stress can predispose neonatal enteric disease in pigs?

Back 18

temperature stress (cold, drafts, etc)
psychologucal stress (cross fostering)
handling stress (castration/processing)

Front 19

T/F naive gilts are equal to sows ain terms of maternal passive immunity

Back 19

False

Front 20

What is the age of onset for E. coli neonatal diarrhea?
Through what age might it last?

Back 20

Can cause diarrhea at any age of pig (neonatal through postweaning/grow and finish)

Always a ddx

Mortality and morbidity more severe in neonatal period

Front 21

What are the two major E. coli diarrheal diseases in pigs?

Back 21

K88 E. coli (neonatal diarrhea, postweaning diarrhea)

F18 E. coli (postweaning diarrhea)

Front 22

Which type of E.coli cannot occur in piglets <3 weeks old?

Back 22

F18 E. coli

Front 23

What is the earliest age of onset for K88 Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)?

Back 23

Day 1 and onward

Front 24

T/F Gilt litters are more severely affected than sow litters with K88 E.coli

Back 24

True

Front 25

T/F Enterotoxins cause hypersecretion and malabsorption leading to diarrhea

Back 25

True

Front 26

You see a few day old piglets with watery diarrhea, a wet backside, reddened perineal area, and dehydration. All the piglets are huddled together in the pen.

When one of the piglets died you performed a necropsy and found fluid filled intestinal loops and some hyperemic mesenteric blood vessles. Interestingly, the villus structures were not affected on histopath

Back 26

Enterotoxigenic E. coli

Front 27

How can you control enterotoxigenic E. coli?

Back 27

Sow vaccination

Abx treatment (oral preferred-Aminoglycosides)

Front 28

What are the two major clostridial species that cause enteric disease in pigs?

Back 28

Clostridium perfringens (Type A and Type C)

Clostridium difficile

Front 29

What are the predisposing factors for gut Clostridial spp?

Back 29

FPT
Disturbances in or poorly developed intestinal microbiota

Front 30

How early can piglets get clostridial enteric disease?

Back 30

Day one (early in neonatal period)

Type A = 1-7d
Type C = <2d (chronic form later)

Front 31

*T/F Clostridium perfringens Type A causes high mortality and high morbidity

Back 31

FALSE - LOW mortality and high morbidity

Front 32

What is the most common type of clostridual disease in piglets today?

Back 32

C. perfringens Type A

Front 33

T/F: You will see blood with C. perfringens Type A

Back 33

False-Will NOT see blood (helps to differentiate from Type C)

Front 34

T/F: Clostridium perfringens Type A does not attach to the villus and produces a secretory diarrhea

Back 34

True

Front 35

C. perfringens Type A prevention

Back 35

Commercial C. perfringens Type A toxoid

Killed autogenous vaccine

Abx treatment in sow diet (most commonly used)

Tylan orally and/or inj

Front 36

What are the two major disease presentations for C. perfringens Type C

Back 36

Peracute
Chronic

Front 37

Case: You come into your neonatal piglet room and find high mortality. On necropsy you find fulls stomachs and blood filled intestinal loops. There is complete destruction and necorsis. What do you likely have?

Back 37

Peracute C. perfringens type C

chronic form = NO blood in lumen

Front 38

Where in the intestine does C. perfringens type C cause disease?

Back 38

Small intestine

Front 39

What do the alpha and beta toxins in C. perfringens Type C cause?

Back 39

epithelial necrosis and sloughing

it invades lamina propria causing necrosis and hemorrhage

Front 40

Which below fits best with chronic C. perfringens Type C?

Necrohemorrhagic or necrotic membrane
Adherent fibrinohemorrhagic membrane
Blood in lumen
Thick walls of small intestine

Back 40

CHRONIC=Adherent fibrinohemorrhagic membrane and Thick walls of small intestine (no blood in lumen)

Peracute =
Necrohemorrhagic or necrotic membrane and blood in lumen

Front 41

How can you diagnose C. perfringens Type C?

Back 41

impression smear and anaerobic culture

multiplex PCR

NOTE: generally gross lesions are "sufficient: for diagnosise of peracute form

Front 42

How can you control or prevent C.perfringens Type C?

Back 42

Not a common disease anymore but can:

vaccinate sows
or admin C. perfringens type C antitoxin to newborn piglets

Front 43

What is the likley source of infection of C. difficile

Back 43

spores from prior farrowing groups scouring piglets and sow feces

Front 44

Case: Your 2 day old piglets have yellow pasty diarrhea, morbidity of about 20% and mortality of 20% of those. Surviving piglets are stunted at weaning and show weightloss.

Necropsy: moderate to severe mesocolonic edema, suppurative inflammation in colon and cecum, and no remarkable lesions in the small intestine

Back 44

C. difficile

Front 45

What type of diarrhea does C. difficile cause?

Back 45

Inflammatory (mast cell activation)

Front 46

How do you diagnose C. difficile?

Back 46

Culture
Lesions
Presence of C. difficile toxins type A and B ELISA (though this is coming into question now-may only suggest subclinical disease)

Front 47

What are two ways to prevent and treat C. difficile?

Back 47

Sow immunization
Sanitation
Abx (be careful not to wipe out good bacteria)-bacitracin is effective
Probiotics

Front 48

What is the site of lesions for C. difficile?

Back 48

colon and rectum

Front 49

What is the mortality like with C. perfringens Type A? Type C?

Back 49

Type A = Low
Type C = High

Front 50

Which clostridial disease will cause blood filled intestinal loops?

Back 50

C. perfringens Type C

Front 51

T/F C. difficile is and uncommon pathogen

Back 51

FALSE-common pathogen (though not as common as C. perfringens Type A)

Front 52

T/F: It is common to see bloody scours with C. perfringens Type C?

Back 52

False-often die too quickly to show that CS

Front 53

What is the agent of Coccidiosis that infects piglets?

Back 53

Isospora suis

Front 54

T/F Eimeria suis causes piglet disease

Back 54

False-Isospora suis

Front 55

T/F Clinical signs of Coccidiosis is usually seen between 7-14d of age

Back 55

True-NEVER before 6d

Front 56

What is the prevalence of Coccidiosis on farms

Back 56

affects 48-85% farms worldwide
>30% litters affected

Front 57

Case: You have 8d old piglets that have white to yellow diarrhea and is fluid to pasty in consistency. No blood is detected in the stools. The diarrhea lasted between 4-6d and had high morbidity but low mortality. Those that survived were stunted in growth

Back 57

Coccidiosis

Front 58

What is the source of infection for Coccidiosis

Back 58

Farrowing environment (sows play minimal role in transmission)

Front 59

T/F Coccidiosis oocysts are very resistent

Back 59

True

Front 60

What form of Coccidiosis is ingested by the piglet?
a. sporozoite
b. sporulated oocyst
c. merozoite

Back 60

b. sporulated oocyst

Front 61

What is the pre-patent period of Coccisiosis

Back 61

5-7d-this is why diarrhea doesn't occur before 6d of age

Front 62

What type of diarrhea is caused by Coccidiosis?

Back 62

Malabsorptive

Front 63

T/F: coccidiosis causes intestinal loops filled with fluid and cause villus hypertrophy

Back 63

False - causes intestinal loops filled with yellowish, watery contents with villus ATROPHY

Front 64

How can you prevent Coccidiosis in your piglets?

Back 64

Sanitation (all in all out)
Clorox or Flaming(very effective)
Porous flooring
Abx to prevent secondary infxns
Marquis off-label with prescription to piglets around day 5
Paint porus surfaces to "trap" it

Front 65

TGE stands for...

Back 65

Transmissible Gastroenteritis

Front 66

What type of virus is TGE?

Back 66

Coronavirus

Front 67

What is a close relative of TGE but results in fewer signs and lower mortality and may actually be protective against severe outbreaks of TGE?

Back 67

PRC-porcine respiratory coronavirus

Front 68

What is the "TGE season"?

Back 68

When temperatures drop...TGE survives well in water, feces, and freezing temperatures

Front 69

When would you see an acute herd epidemic of TGE?

Back 69

in naive populations when temperatures drop

Front 70

What are the two forms of TGE?

Back 70

Acute (naive populations)
Endemic (constant reoccurence and partial immunity-gilts and neonates)

Front 71

Case: Piglets with moderate to explosive diarrhea, and vomiting/dehydration. You also notice a distinctive odor that smells quite putrid. Your piglets <3weeks old have high mortality. Your older pigs have a high rate of morbidity. Those that survive are stunted.

Back 71

TGE

Front 72

What type of diarrhea is TGE?

Back 72

Malabsorptive

Front 73

Necropsy: Large volume of yellow fluid in the small intestine. The gut wall is thin but there is no necrosis of the mucosa. The intestinal lacteals are also empty.

Back 73

TGE

Front 74

What does TGE do to the villous?

Back 74

Causes atrophy (or contraction down)

Front 75

What would you think of if you saw full lacteals that were white?

Back 75

E. coli

Front 76

How might you diagnose TGE?

Back 76

Select acutely affected pigs!

CS (vomiting and diarrhea)
FA and/or IHC
Rt-PCR
EM to id coronavirus

Front 77

How can you prevent the acute form of TGE?

Back 77

BIOSECURITY
purchase from a TGE neg stock

Front 78

How do you treat and prevent TGE

Back 78

Tx: supportive
Prevention: provide optimal pig environment and attention

Front 79

What can you doe to prevent the endemic form of TGE?

Back 79

feed back scours to sows and bred gilts
Close herd for 4months

Herd-wide immunity develops and eliminates TGE

Front 80

When does diarrhea begin with rotavirus infection?

Back 80

>7d (often around post-weaning)

unless niave herd when you can see it at 1d og age

Front 81

How is rotavirus spread

Back 81

fecal-oral

Front 82

Case: white-yellowish diarrhea in 9d old pigelts. They have moderate dehydration and weight loss. Only a few pigs showed vomiting. There is a low morbidity and low mortality(not very severe). Necropsy shows a thin flaccid intestinal wall and villous atrophy in jejunum and ileum.

Back 82

Rotavirus

Front 83

How do you prevent Rotavirus?

Back 83

Sanitation
Reduce virus in environment (disinfect)
Vaccination
Pay close attention to trigger events (stress and temp fluctuations)

Front 84

What are the two types of E. coli diarrheal disease?

Back 84

K88 (neonatal) and F18 (postweaning)

Front 85

Case: Piglets about 6d postweaning begin showing diarrhea. You also see some CNS signs (staggering, head tilt, circiling, paddling) and edema. Many of the pigs have sudden death.

Back 85

F18 E. coli (Edema disease)

Front 86

What can you do to prevent edema disease (F18 E.coli)?

Back 86

Incouclate water with nonpathogenic F18 E. coli
Water acidifiers
Spray dried porcine plasma
Zn300 ppm in diets

NO VACCINES/Toxoids in US

Front 87

DDx for CNS signs in a pig

Back 87

Strep suis
Haemophilus
Salt toxixity
F18 E. coli

Front 88

What is the toxin called that causes edema disease

Back 88

Shiga like tonxin

Front 89

What tissues would you submit for pathology on edema disease

Back 89

Gut (edema) and brain (necrosis)

Front 90

What are the two major Salmonella diseases affecting swine?

Back 90

Septicemia (S. cholerasuis)
Enterocolitis (S. typhymurium)

Front 91

What triggers the shedding and enterocolitis of Salmonella

Back 91

stress in the grow-finisher pd.

Front 92

Case: 5 Growing pigs are off feed and look like they have lost weight. They had intermittent watery yellow-pale brown diarrhea that later began to contain some mucous, fibrin, and blood. They also have a fever.

Necropsy: showed distended abdomens with rectal stricture, button ulcers, and a heavy/edematous and erosive lower small intestine and large intestine

Back 92

Salmonella typhimurium enterocolitis

Front 93

T/F: Isolation of S. typhimurium equals diagnosis

Back 93

False

Front 94

How do you prevent S. typhimurium

Back 94

Environment/sanitation
Vaccination is effective but not really used much anymore

Front 95

**What is the cause of ileitis in swine?

Back 95

Lawsonia intracellularis

FORMS=
**PHE (prolif. hemorr. enteropathy)
-high mortality
**PIA (porcine intest. adenomatosis)
-most common-major econ. losses w/ poor feed conversion
*Necrotic proliferative enteritis (late PIA)

Front 96

What is the age group of PHE (prolif. hemorr. enteropathy) and how does it present?

Back 96

4-12months

Acute hemorrhagic form-acute anemia, hemorrhagic diarrhea and sudden death (up to 50% mortality)

Front 97

What is the age group of PIA (porcine intest. adenomatosis) and how does it present?

Back 97

6-20wks

poor feed conversion and growth rates
sporadic diarrhea
wasting
variation in growth rate

Front 98

What cells in the intestine does Lawsonia intracellularis affect?

Back 98

Crypt epithelium

(undergo mitosis but fail to mature = malabsorption)

Front 99

How do you diagnose ileitis?

Back 99

Gross lesions
PCR
Histochemical staining (IHC)

Front 100

#1 HISTO of ileitis case:
blunted villi
flattented cuboidal cells crypt hyperplasia
loss of goblet cells

#2 HISTO ileitis case:
dunuded mucosa
necrosis
hemorrhage
loss of goblet cells

Back 100

#1 = PIA
#2 = PHE

Front 101

What is the cause of Swine dysentery?

Back 101

Brachyspira hyodensenteriae

Front 102

Why is swine dysentery (Brachyspira hyodensenteriae) difficult to control?

Back 102

Survives well in cool, moist enviro
Recovered pigs can shed for 70d
Pigs and mice = reservoir (mice can shed for 200d)
Dogs, cats, birds, rats, and flies are mechanical vectors

Front 103

CASE: Growing pigs with gray/yellow mucoid feces progressing to blood tinged (some stains between their legs). Pigs are pale and weak. Some suddenly died.

Necropsy revealed lesions limited to the large intestine (swollen, mucous covered, fibronecrotic lesions)

Back 103

Brachyspira hyodensenteriae (Swine dysentery)

Front 104

How do you treat Brachyspira hyodensenteriae (swine dysentery)

Back 104

Medication via water or IM
Medicate for 3-5wks
(Tiamulin and carbadox are effective usually-resistant to Tylosin)

Front 105

How can you eradicate Brachyspira hyodensenteriae?

Back 105

Perform in summer months
Rodent control
Empty manure pits
Medication for 1-2mo
Empty barns and clean/disinfect

Front 106

NOTE: look up TGE, PCV2 enteritis, and Hemorrhagic Bowel syndrome in grower/finishers on your own

Back 106

These are just other ddx for growers/finshers and I don't feel like writing questions for them

Front 107

What is the prevalence of gastric ulcers determined at slaughter?

Back 107

32-65%

Front 108

**What are some factors that contribute to gastric ulcers?

Back 108

finely ground feed
anorexia
stress
Helicobacter spp.

Front 109

Case: Pigs about 9wks old that are depressed and off-feed. They have black tarry stools and pale skin.

What are you thinking could be going on?

Back 109

Gastric ulcer

Front 110

What part of the GI tract would you check for gastric ulcers?

Back 110

pars esophagea

Front 111

**Name 4 causes of inflammatory diarrhea

Back 111

Lawsonia intracellularis (ileitis)
Salmonella enterocolitis
C. difficile
Swine dysentery

Front 112

What is the mechanism of post-weaning F18E. coli?

Back 112

Vasotoxin (shiga like) resulting in edema

Front 113

Which type (A or C) or Clostridium perfringens causes greater economic losses and is more common?

Back 113

Type A

Front 114

Which type (A or C) or Clostridium perfringens does NOT attach to epithelium?

Back 114

Type A

Front 115

What is the mechanism of Clostridium perfringens Type C diarrhea?

Back 115

Exudation of protein and extracellular fluid

Front 116

**What enteric pathogens in neonatal pigs cause blood/hemorrhage?

Back 116

Clostridium perfringens Type C

Front 117

What neonatal enteric diseases are associated with high mortality?

Back 117

E. coli
TGE
Clostridium perfringens Type C

Front 118

What pathogens cause CNS and diarrhea?

Back 118

F18 E. coli
PRRS

Front 119

What GI disease in finishers cause blood/hemorrhage?

Back 119

Salmonella
Ileitis
HBS
Brachyspira
Gastric ulcers